Critical Reasoning Gmat

Front 1

Comparison

Back 1

1. The 2 things the same or nearly the same. Does A = B?
Show that A is different from B and you weaken the comparison.

2. Are 2 things are different? Does A <> B ? Show that A is similar to B and you weaken the comparison

Front 2

Analogy assumptions

Back 2

Assumes Big A equals to Big B.
Examples:
1. Experiments in mice are the same as in humans.
2. What happened in the past will happened in the future.

Front 3

Representative sample

Back 3

Assume little "a" equals to Big "A".

When comparing 2 things, especially like these, from different times, you should not assume that the method to collect information, techniques and quality of information are comparable.

Front 4

Representative sample assumption

Back 4

Sample- דוגמא כגון קבוצה קטנה של אנשים\ דברים שניתנת במטרה לתאר את הכלל.
לדוג': מעולם לא פגשתי מישהו מעיר א' שאהבתי (לא פגשתי את כולם). "המסעדה הזו מאוד מומלצת כי אכלת שם פעם אחת ונהניתי"
בשביל שהדוגמית באמת תייצג צריך שיהיו לה 2 דברים:
1. Quantitatively - Sample big enough.
2. Qualitatively - Wide enough selection of random items to represents the whole.

דרך הפיתרון - להראון שאדם/מקום/מקרה ספציפי הוא לא מייצג את הכלל ולכן הטיעון נופל (מוחלש). מצד שני בחיזוק הטענה, צריך להראות שדבר ספציפי כל מייצג את הכלל.

Front 5

Cause and Effect Assumptions

Back 5

If A then B.
Categories:
1. Not cause and effect -
1.1 Mere Coincidence - יושב בכיסא והקבוצה מנצחת.
1.2 Low Correlation - מועדון בריאות חדש ורמת הכושר של התושבים.
1.3 High Correlation - להיות גבוה ולהיות שחקן כדורסל.

2. Cause and Effect:
2.1 Legitimate Causation - גרביטציה ונפילת תפוח
2.2 Alternative Explanation - התוצאה מוסכמת אך הסיבות יכולות להיות שונות. שיווק ופרסום גורם לרווחים לגדול.
2.3 Reverse Causation - סופר מפורסם מוכר הרבה ספרים או הרבה ספרים שלו נמכרים בגלל שהוא מפורסם.

Front 6

Implementation assumption

Back 6

4 Major reasons why plans do not work:
1. Lack of desire, motivation.
2. Lack of prerequisite skills or technology capabilities.
3. Lack of required opportunity.
4. Unanticipated bottlenecks or unforeseen consequences arising from implementation of the plan.

Front 7

Number based assumption

Back 7

1. Percentage vs Actual number scenarios - WE CAN'T COMPARE PERCENTAGES TO ACTUAL NUMBERS.

2. Overlap Scenarios - Items are members of one group or another, but some items are members of both groups.

3. Distribution or Allocation scenarios - It cannot be assumed that data is divided into groups or sets of equal number.
דוג - מבחן של 100 שאלות שמחולק ל 4 חלקים. לא ניתן להניח שבכל החלקים יש אותן מספר שאלות.

4. Total cost vs Per Unit Costs scenarios - it cannot be assumed that total cost implies on the unit cost. למשל 2 סבונים מסוגים שונים בעלי אותו גודל ואותה איכות הניתנים להשוואה. קופסא של סבון א עולה 5 שקל לעומת קופסא של ב שעולה 4 שקל. לכן ניתן להסיק שסבון יותר משתלם. לא נכון - לא יודעים כמה יחידות של סבון יש בכל קופסא.

Front 8

Profit and Loss scenarios

Back 8

Profit is composed of 3 profit components - Price Cost and volume.
Revenue - Cost = Profit
(Price per unit - Cost per unit) X Volume = Profit.

Front 9

Logic Based assumptions

Back 9

If A then B <=> If not B then not A

Front 10

No - Some - Most - All Statements

Back 10

1. No As are Bs.

2. All As are Bs.

3. Some As are Bs.

4. Most As are Bs.

Most = Majority (>=50%)
Some = MInority (< 50%)

Mutual Inclusive = כולל
Mutual exclusive = לא כולל
Overlap = חופפים

Front 11

Objectives 1-10

Back 11

Primary objective # 1: Determine whether the stimulus contains an argument or if it is only a set of factual statements.

Primary Objective #2: If the stimulus contains an argument, identify the conclusion of the argument. If the stimulus contains a fact set, examine each fact.

Primary Objective #3: If the stimulus contains an argument, determine whether the argument is strong or weak.

Primary Objective #4: Read closely and know precisely what the author said. Do not generalize!

Primary Objective #5: Carefully read and identify the question stem. Do not assume that certain words are automatically associated with certain question types.

Primary Objective #6: Paraphrase: after reading the question stem, take a moment to mentally formulate your answer to the question stem.

Primary Objective #7: Always read each of the five answer choices

Primary Objective #8: Separate the answer choices into Contenders and Losers. After completing this process, review the contenders and decide which answer is the correct one.

Primary Objective #9: If all 5 answer choices appear to be Losers, return to the stimulus and re-evaluate the argument.

Last: When you finish a problem, you must immediately put it out of your mind and move to the next problem with 100% focus. If you let your mind wander back to previous problem, you fall into deadly trap.