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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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active reading
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engaging with a text while reading, as by making predictions, visualizing and thinking about its information, and writing questions or notes; the three-stage process of pre-reading, reading, and review
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active reading strategies
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strategies that help readers process the information they read
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SQ3R
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an acronym that means Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review, an active reading strategy and basic study procedure
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pre-reading strategies
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active reading strategies used before reading, including previewing the text
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previewing
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in pre-reading, looking at the title, subtitle, and other important parts of a text
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reading strategies
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active reading strategies used during reading
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review strategies (also called post-reading strategies)
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active reading strategies used after reading, including summarizing, paraphrasing, outlining, and mapping
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dictionary
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a vocabulary resource tool offering information including spellings, pronunciations, parts of speech, and definitions
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context
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the words and sentences near a word that can give clues to its meaning
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synonyms
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words that are the same or similar in meaning
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antonyms
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words that are opposite in meaning
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prefix
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a word part that has meaning and is added to the beginnings of words to create new words
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suffix
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a word part that has meaning and is added to the ends of words to create new words
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root (also called base)
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the basic or main part of a word, to which prefixes and suffixes can be added
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homonyms
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words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings
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compound word
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a word that includes two root words
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topic
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the general subject of a paragraph or longer text
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central point
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the main idea of a text that is longer than one paragraph
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main idea
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the most important point the author is making about the topic of a paragraph
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stated central point
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a statement of the most important point the author is making about the topic of a text that is longer than one paragraph
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stated main idea
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a statement of the most important point the author is making about the topic of a paragraph, contained in a topic sentence
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supporting details
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specific ideas supporting the main idea of a paragraph or longer text
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main idea
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the most important point the author is making about the topic of a paragraph
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central point
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the main idea of a text that is longer than one paragraph
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stated main idea
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a statement of the most important point the author is making about the topic of a paragraph, contained in a topic sentence
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implied main idea
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a main idea of a paragraph or longer text that is not stated directly but is strongly suggested by the supporting details
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implied central point
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a central point of a text longer than one paragraph that is not directly stated in the text
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topic
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the general subject of a paragraph or longer text
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supporting details
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specific ideas supporting the main idea of a paragraph or longer text
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major supporting details
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supporting details that directly support the main idea
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minor supporting details
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supporting details that support the major supporting details
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active reading
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engaging with a text while reading, as by making predictions, visualizing and thinking about its information, and writing questions or notes; the three-stage process of pre-reading, reading, and review
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input
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information that enters short-term memory
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short-term memory
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the part of memory that receives information as input but cannot hold it for long
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rehearsal
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working with information so that it will be stored in long-term memory
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rehearsal techniques (also called active organizational strategies)
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review strategies that help readers put information into long-term memory
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long-term memory
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the part of memory that can store information indefinitely
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outline
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a graphic organizer showing relationships among the main idea, major supporting ideas, and minor supporting details
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mapping
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making a visual representation of the relationship between the main idea and supporting details
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concept map
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a diagram that shows the flow of ideas from the main idea to the supporting details
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clustering (also called webbing)
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a kind of concept map useful for showing various interrelationship among ideas
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time line
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a diagram showing the order of events in time
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flow chart (also called process chart)
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a diagram for showing the steps of a process
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matrix (also called chart)
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a visual, similar to a grid or table, headed by categories
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paraphrasing
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restating in different words
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pattern of organization
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a way of organizing a paragraph or longer text
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signal word or signal phrase
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a word or phrase that shows readers the pattern of organization of a text
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time order (also called chronological order)
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the pattern of organization based on the order of events or actions
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sequence
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order of events
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process order (also called steps in a process)
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the pattern of organization that authors use for describing how something happens or steps for doing something
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spatial order (also called location)
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the pattern of organization that authors use to describe things or places based on their location or arrangement in space
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simple listing
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the pattern of organization that authors use when they want to discuss a series of points, items, or other details in no particular order
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division and classification (also called grouping or categorization)
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the pattern of organization that authors use to discuss something in terms of the parts or groups that make it up
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comparison and contrast
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the pattern of organization that authors use to show how two or more things are alike and how they differ cause and effect
the pattern of organization that authors use to show the reasons why something happened (causes) or the results of something happening (effects) |
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generalization and example (also called exemplification or illustration)
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the pattern of organization in which authors make a general statement and then use examples to support it
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definition and example
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the pattern of organization in which authors define a term and then give one or more examples of it
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purpose
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an author's intention or reason for writing-usually, to inform, to persuade, or to entertain
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intended audience
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the type or group of people for whom a text was written
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tone
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the attitude that an author expresses toward the topic through the language of the text
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slanted language (also called loaded words)
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words chosen to manipulate readers by arousing their emotions
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point of view
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the perspective from which an author writes a text; the opinion an author has on a topic
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bias
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an author's opinion, for or against, a topic; a prejudice; a slanted presentation of issues
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connotation
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the feelings and emotions a word inspires
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denotation
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the dictionary definition of a word
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objective
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based on fact; fair and not biased
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subjective
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based on one's own experiences, beliefs, and feelings; expressing a bias
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inference
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an idea that is not stated in a text but is implied or suggested by what is stated and is probably intended by the author
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infer
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to make an inference, or discover a meaning that is implied
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imply
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to suggest a meaning
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critical reading
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a careful reading to discover an author's implications and intentions and to be able to evaluate the author's ideas and argument
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literal meaning
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meaning that is directly stated
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purpose
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an author's intention or reason for writing-usually, to inform, to persuade, or to entertain
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prior knowledge
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general information that readers bring to what they read
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figurative language (also called literary device)
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words that are intended to have a meaning beyond their literal meaning, especially in works of literature
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irony
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a type of figurative language in which words express a meaning that is the opposite of what they literally say
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metaphor
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a type of figurative language in which one thing is directly compared to another
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simile
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a type of figurative language in which a comparison is made using "like" or "as"
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symbolism
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a type of figurative language in which one thing stands for something else
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personification
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a type of figurative language in which something that is not human is given human qualities
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tone
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the attitude that an author expresses toward the topic through the language of the text
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critical thinking
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thinking about a text in order to understand and evaluate an author's ideas and argument, for example, by distinguishing between facts and opinions
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critical reading
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a careful, active reading of a text to go beyond its literal meaning to the author's implications and intentions and to be able to evaluate the author's ideas and argument
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fact
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an objective, provable statement
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opinion
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a subjective statement that represents someone's personal judgment
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value word
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a word with subjective connotations
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objective
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based on fact; fair and not biased
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subjective
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based on one's own experiences, beliefs, and feelings; expressing a bias
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argument
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the points an author makes together with the evidence and other support the author presents
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Inductive Argument
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In an inductive argument the author moves from specific details to a general conclusion.
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Deductive Argument
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In a deductive argument, the author begins with a general conclusion and moves to specifics.
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title page
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in the front of a book, the page with the title and the name(s) of the author(s)
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copyright page
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in the front of a book, the page with the edition number, date published, and ordering information
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Preface or Foreword
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in the front of a book, an explanation of the book's purpose, contents, organization, and so on
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Letter to the Student or Teacher
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in the front of a book, practical suggestions for using the book
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Table of Contents (TOC)
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in the front of a book, a list of chapters and other parts of the book and the numbers of the pages on which they begin
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detailed TOC
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a table of contents that lists the chapter titles, major headings, and possibly subheadings, along with page numbers
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brief TOC
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a table of contents that lists only chapter titles and page numbers
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chapter introduction
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at the start of a chapter, a short overview of the chapter
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Objectives
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at the start of a chapter, goals to accomplish in reading the chapter, in list or paragraph form
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Key Terms (also called Words to Know)
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at the start or end of a chapter, a list of important words introduced in the chapter
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major headings and subheadings
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words indicating the topics of sections and subsections within a chapter
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boldface and italic
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special type used, for example, to signal key terms and other important words
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list
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often bulleted or numbered, a listing of related, often important, concepts
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Summary
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at the end of a chapter, paragraphs or a bulleted list with a brief version of the important information in a chapter
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review questions
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at the end of a chapter, questions to help readers review and check what they have learned
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Recommended Readings
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at the end of a chapter, a list of sources that can give readers more information on the chapter's topics
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Appendix
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at the back of a book, a section with extra information such as maps, tables, and lists
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Glossary
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at the back of a book, a list of important terms and their definitions
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Bibliography
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at the back of the book, a list of sources the author(s) used in writing in book
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References (also called Recommended Readings)
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at the back of a book, a list of sources that can give readers more information on the book's topics
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answer key
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at the back of a book, answers to questions in the book's exercises or end-of-chapter reviews
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index
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at the back of a book, an alphabetized list of important topics, terms, and names in the book along with the page numbers on which they occur
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survey
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the first step of SQ3R, skimming and previewing a text
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question
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the second step of SQ3R, making up questions while reading
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read
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the third step of SQ3R, reading each section or topic and generating answers and more questions
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recite
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the fourth step of SQ3R, saying the material after reading in order to check recall
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review
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the final step of SQ3R, in which readers test themselves on the material
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graphic (also called visual or visual aid)
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a graph, chart, image, or other visual presentation of information
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table
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a graphic in which data are presented in rows and columns
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row
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a horizontal (left to right) line of data in a table
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column
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a vertical (top to bottom) line of data in a table
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bar graph
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a graphic in which data are represented by a set of bars
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line graph
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a graph in which data are plotted in relation to horizontal and vertical axes and lines connect the points
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horizontal axis (also called x axis)
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the bottom of a graph
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vertical axis (also called y axis)
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the side of a graph
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pie chart
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a chart that shows parts that make up a whole as different-size slices of a pie
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organization chart
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a chart that shows the structure of an organization
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diagram
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a drawing that shows relationships between parts of an object
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map
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a visual representation of geographical data
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reading rate
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reading speed in words per minute
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eye movements
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the movements of eyes across the line of text while reading
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hand movements
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the use of hands as a guide while reading
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"S" movement
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sweeping a guiding hand along the line and back while reading
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subvocalizing
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the habit of saying each word silently while reading
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phrasing
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putting words into natural groupings while reading in order to take in images and ideas rather than individual words
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skimming
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reading a text only for its main points, as by reading the title, first paragraph, first sentence of all other paragraphs, heads, and conclusion
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scanning
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looking over a text to find specific information
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reading flexibility
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changing reading speed depending on reading purpose and text difficulty
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spaced study
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studying in multiple sessions over time rather than studying all at once
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periodic review
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brief, repeated study sessions
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sensory memory
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the part of memory that has images and feelings at the moment that a person experiences them
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short-term memory
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the part of memory that receives information but cannot hold it for long
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long-term memory
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the part of memory that can store information indefinitely
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rehearsal
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working with information so that it will be stored in long-term memory
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mnemonic devices
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phrases, initials, rhymes, or other tricks for remembering information
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visualization
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creating a mental or actual image to understand and remember a concept
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consolidation
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fitting new information together with prior knowledge
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highlighting
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marking important information in a text while reading
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annotating
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making notes in a text about important information while reading
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margin notes
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notes in the margin of a book or other text
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Cornell note-taking method
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taking notes by writing key words in a left-hand column and detailed notes in a right-hand column
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objective exam
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an exam with questions such as multiple-choice, true/false, and matching questions
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essay exam
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an exam with questions whose answers require organizing and interpreting information
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qualifying words
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words, often used on true/false tests, that restrict or change the meaning of a statement
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100% words
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qualifying words that leave no room for exceptions
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limiting words
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words in an essay exam question that restrict and direct the answer
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key word or key phrase
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a word or phrase in an essay exam question that provides clues about how to organize and present the answer
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