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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is anabolism?
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Building-up and repair process that requires energy.
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What is catabolism?
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Breaking down food and body tissues for the purpose of liberating energy.
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Since the nervous system cannot synthesize or store glucose what does it rely on for fuel sources?
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Glucose extraction form the bloodstream.
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What does glucagon stimulate?
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Stimulates glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown) and gluconeogenesis (the process of glucose synthesis from other sources such as proteins), and increases lipolysis (fat breakdown and metabolism).
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What does insulin do?
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Helps transport glucose for storage into the cells and tissues, prevents fat breakdown, and increases protein synthesis.
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What hormones control glycogenolysis?
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Glucagon adn the catecholamines epinephrine adn norepinephrine (which are released from teh adrenal medulla in time of stress).
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What are the three major types of protein-energy malnutrition?
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Marasmus, kwashiorkor, and protein-calorie malnutrition.
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What is marasmus, how is it treated and what do lab values look like?
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More severe, cachectic process, whereby virtually all of the available fat stores have been exhausted form prolonged calorie deficiency and severe muscle wasting is evident. Despite thi, albumin, a visceral protein measurement, may be within normal limits or only slightly reduced. Treatment requires slow initiation of nutrition adn fluid volume to prevent the complications associated with sudden fluid shifts, electrolyte abnormalities, and cardiorespiratory failure.
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What is kwashiorkor and protein-calorie malnutrition?
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Typically caused by an acute, life-threatening illness, such as surgery, trauma or sepsis. Kwashiorkor tends to be seen in children in developing countries who have had prolonged periods of protein malnutrition, whereas protein-calorie malnutrition is more commonly seen in developed countries and is due to depletion of fat, muscle wasting, and micronutrient deficiencies from acute and chronic illness.
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Other than edema what are some signs and symptoms of protein malnutrition, what are typical lab values seen adn what is treatment?
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Skin breakdown, poor wound healing, surgical dehiscence. Hair can easily be plucked, and hair remnants are often noted on the patient's pillowcase. Low serum albumin levels and treatment requires aggressive repletion of protein stores.
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What is enteral nutrition?
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Refers to any form of nutrition delivered to the GI tract.
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When is enteral nutrition considered?
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When the patient cannot or should not eat, intake is insufficient or unreliable, the patient has a functional GI tract, and access can be safely achieved.
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What is the only absolute contraindication for enteral nutrition?
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Mechanical obstruction.
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What are some relatively contraindications for enteral feedings?
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Severe hemorrahgic pancreatitis, nectorizing enterocolitis, prolonged ileus, severe diarrhea, protracted vomiting, enteric fistulas, and intestinal dysmotility.
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How is enteral nutrition delivered?
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Through feeding tubes placed into the stomach or the small intestine.
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What are nasoenteric feeding tubes indicated for?
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Short-term use, usually less than 30 days.
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What is the general rule for diameter length of nasoenteric tubes?
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The smallest diameter tube of appropriate length is preferred because the smaller diameter has been associated with less complications and increaed patient comfort. The small diameter lessens compromise of the LES and less inhibition of swallowing.
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A nasally inserted tube can cause what?
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Sinusitis, erosion of the nasal septum or esophagus, epistaxis, or distal esophageal strictures, which may limit long-term use.
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What are criteria for a NG tube placement?
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Intact gag and cough reflex adn adequate gastric emptying.
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What are small-caliber NG tubes used for?
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Solely for feeding.
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What are large-caliber NG tubes used for?
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Used to decompress the stomach, monitor pH, and deliver medications and feedings.
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