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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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* white-collar crime
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llegal acts that capitalize on a person's status in the marketplace. May involve: theft, embezzlement, fraud, market manipulation, restraint of trade, and false advertising.
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penelogy
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subarea of criminology that focuses on the correction and control of criminal offenders.
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rehabilitation
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treatment of criminal offenders that that is aimed at preventing future criminal behavior.
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capital punishment
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the execution of criminal offenders; the death penalty.
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mandatory sentences
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a statutory requirement that a certain penalty shall be carried out in all cases of conviction for a specified offense or series of offenses.
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victimology
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the study of the victim's role in criminal events.
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utilitarianism
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the view that people's behavior is motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.
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classical criminology
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theoretical perspective suggesting that (1) people have free will (2) people chose to commit crimes for personal gain (3) crime can be controlled only by the fear of criminal sanctions.
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positivism
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the branch of social science that uses the scientific method of the natural sciences and suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological, or economic forces.
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biosocial theory
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approach to criminology that focuses on the interaction between biological and social factors as they are related to crime.
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* anomie
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a lack of norms or clear social standards. because of rapidly shifting moral values, the individual has few guides to what is socially acceptable.
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Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
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Large database, compiled by the FBI, of crimes reported and arrests made each year throughout the United States.
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Part I crimes
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the 8 most serious offenses included in the UCR: murder, rape, assault, robbery, burglary, arson, larceny and motor vehicle theft.
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Part II crimes
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all other crimes, aside from Part I crimes, included in the UCR arrest data. Part II crimes include drug offenses, sex crimes, and vandalism, among others.
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cleared crimes
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crimes are cleared in two ways: (1) when at least one person is arrested, charged, and taken to court for prosecution or (2) by exceptional means, when some element is beyond police control (eg: offender fleas the country)
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what percent of murders were cleared based on the 2008 chart?
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63.6%
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National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
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program that requires local police agencies to provide a brief account of each incident and arrest within 22 crime patterns, including incident, victim, and offender information.
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sampling
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selecting a limited number of people for study as a representative of a larger group
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population
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all people who share a particular characteristic, such as all high school students or all cops.
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National Crime Victimization Survery (NCVS)
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The ongoing victimization study conducted jointly by the Justice Department and the U.S. Census Bureau that surveys victims about their experiences with law violation.
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Approx. how many murders occur per year?
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about 16,000 per year
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Deviant place theory
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The view that victimization is primarily a function of where people live.
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