Criminology Chapter 8

Front 1

Social conflict

Back 1

The struggle for power in society. Human behavior in social contexts results from conflicts between competing groups.

Front 2

Critical criminologists

Back 2

Criminologists who believe that the cause of crime can be linked to economic, social, and political disparity.

Front 3

What do critical criminologists believe to "true crimes"

Back 3

Racism, sexism, imperialism, unsafe working conditions, inadequate child care, substandard housing, pollution of the environment, and war making used as tools of foreign policy.

Also, they believe that burglary robber and assault are more often expression of rage over unjust economic conditions

Front 4

What are the issues Critical criminologists are concerned with?

Back 4

1. The role government plays in creating a criminogenic environment.

2, the relationship between personal or group power and the shaping of criminal law.

3. The prevalence of bias in justice system operations.

4. The relationship between a capitalist, free enterprise economy, and crime rates.

Front 5

What are the origins of critical criminology?

Back 5

Karl Marx. Ian taylor Paul Walton, Jcok Young published a paper call the new criminology, gave it as boost.

Front 6

Power

Back 6

The ability of persons and groups to control the behavior of others, to shape public opinion and to define deviance.

Front 7

What is contemporary critical criminology?

Back 7

They focus on showing how in our postindustrial, capitalistic society, the economic system invariably produces haves and have nots, shapes social life, and controls behavior. Economic competitiveness increases interpersonal conflict and eventually destabilizes both social institutions and social groups.

Another concern is the widening gap between the rich and poor.

Front 8

Justice system inequality (Contemporary) how do they feel about mass incarceration and it was sense is it unequal?

Back 8

Racially. They believe that racial and ethnic minorities are now the a target of racist police officers and unfair prosecutorial practices. They are against Mass incarceration.

Front 9

What is domination in contemporary criminology?

Back 9

It is the act of one class or group that works to dominate another and retain power. Through controller the justice system elites can preserve political, economic, racial, and ethnic domination

Front 10

Supranational criminology

Back 10

Comprising the study of ware crimes, crimes against humanity, and the penal system in which such crimes are prosecuted and tried

Front 11

Instrumental theorists

Back 11

Critical criminologists who view the law and justice system as serving the interests of the upper classes

Front 12

Structural theorists

Back 12

Critical criminologists who believe the law is designed to keep the capitalist system operating in an efficient manner.

Front 13

Instrumental theory

Back 13

In which the rich and powerful use their money to control elections, influence what is considered legal and illegal, impose their morality on the populace all for self benefit. They protect themselves with lawyers. The poor are considered to not commit more crimes than the rich, they are simply more actively punished.

Front 14

Structural theory

Back 14

They disagree that laws is always in favor of the rich. They claim if laws were truly created by the rich, why would laws against them even exist in the first place? Law exists to keep thing running properly

Front 15

Surplus value

Back 15

The excess profits that are produced by the laboring classes and accrued by business owners.

Front 16

Marginalization

Back 16

Displacement of workers pushing them outside the economic and social mainstream.

Front 17

What is the cause of crime to critical thinkers?

Back 17

The believe the key crime producing element is the desire to create surplus value. This causes factors leading to workers being marginalized. During economic down turn there is a increase in crime threat as marginalized workers rebel against the system.

Front 18

Globalization

Back 18

The creation and maintenance of transnational markets.

Front 19

How is globalization linked to crime?

Back 19

Critical criminologists believe helps destroy lives. Such as how little they are paid. It takes exploits third world countries workers and takes advantage of possibly lawlessness. Unfairly supports the wealthy. With money, companies can bribe government officials, fund private armies in order to profit.

Front 20

What is state organized crime?

Back 20

In which it is postulated that the state will do everything to protect the property rights of the wealthy while opposing the real interests of the poor. Going as far as going to war.

Front 21

State (organized crime)

Back 21

Criminal acts committed by government officials

Front 22

State-coperate crime(Under state organized crime)

Back 22

committed by by officials who abuse their state authority or who fails to exercise it when working with people and organizations in the private sector.

Front 23

Extraordinary rendition

Back 23

The practice of sending suspected terrorists to foreign prisons that permit torture in the interrogation of suspects.

Front 24

Dropout factories

Back 24

High schools in which the completion rate is consistently 40% or less

Front 25

State Violence (State Organized Crime)

Back 25

The idea that sometimes nations engage in violence to main their power over dissident groups.

Front 26

Crime and social institutions

Back 26

Critical thinkers often focus on contemporary social institutions to show how they operate as instruments of class and racial oppression

Front 27

Dropout factories

Back 27

High schools in which the completion rate is consistently 40% or less.

Front 28

Race and racism (under Crime and social institutions)

Back 28

Critical thinkers might suggest that class and race based burdens make crime inevitable. This stems from harsher punishments being dealt onto minorities, even those that make the same mistakes as whites in school.

Front 29

Left Realism

Back 29

An approach that is left leaning but realistic in its appraisal of crime and its causes. Crime is seen as class conflict in an advanced industrial society.

They address the increasing power of conservatives. The emergence of law and order philosophy which influences aggressive policies such as police patrol, severe sentences in relation to drugs. They also believe the focus of the elite abusing to poor is to narrow.

Front 30

Why do left realist theories believe crime happens?

Back 30

Not because job opportunities are block, but because they never existed.

Front 31

Preemptive deterrence

Back 31

Efforts to prevent crime through community organization and youth involvement.

Front 32

Left realism and terrorism, what are the four key concepts?

Back 32

People are recruited into terrorist organizations because of relative deprivation.

Terrorists organizations are subcultures that provide peer supports.

Victims/targets are selected based on opportunity/routine activities.

Get-tough policies that create a police state may backfire.

An overall focus of minimal official response towards terrorism and maximizing social informal social control

Front 33

Critical Feminism

Back 33

The view that gender inequality is a result of the exploitation of women in a male-dominated society.

Front 34

Patriarchal

Back 34

A social structure in which males hold primary power and enjoy social, political, economic, and social privilege.

Front 35

Hegemonic masculinity

Back 35

The belief in the existence of a culturally normative ideal of male behavior.

Front 36

Patriarchy and crime (Crti. Fem. Theory)

Back 36

Male dominance is supported by those in power. This dominance plus class lines double marginalizes women. Because women are oppressed perhaps to the home, they have little opportunities to commit crime.

Front 37

Masculinity and crime (Crit. Fem. Theory)

Back 37

The idea that the desire for males to be as masculine as possible leads to crime.

Front 38

Being victimized (Crti. Fem. Theory)

Back 38

Victimization is a function of male socialization. Peer groups encouraged the assault of women. Label them sluts the make it easier. Woman victimization rates decline when they are viewed as empowered by society.

Front 39

Gender and the justice system (Crit. Fem. Theory)

Back 39

Woman are typically treated different then men. In certain crimes that a viewed as immoral, usually sex acts, running away and the such, the suffer hard consequences than a male does.

Front 40

Power Control theory (John Hagan)

Back 40

A criminological theory that maintains that the structure of gender relations within the family explains gender differences in the crime rate.

Front 41

Paternalistic families

Back 41

Families in which fathers assume the traditional role of breadwinners, while mothers tend to have menial jobs or remain at home to supervise domestic matters.

Front 42

Role exit behaviors

Back 42

The process of disengagement from a role that is contralto ones elf identity in order to establish a new identity.

Front 43

Egalitarian families

Back 43

Families in which couples share similar positions of power at home and in the workplace.

Front 44

Peacemaking

Back 44

An approach that considers punitive crime control strategies to be counter productive and favors the use of humanistic conflict resolution to prevent and control crime. They view crime punishment are motivators for crime.

Front 45

Restorative Justice

Back 45

A view of justice that focuses on the needs of victims, the community, and offenders, and focuses on nonpunitve strategies to heal the wounds caused by crime

Front 46

Reintergrative Shaming

Back 46

The concept that people can be reformed if they understand the harm they have caused and are brought back into the social mainstream.

Front 47

the process of restoration

Back 47

Matters are best settled where they occurred. I.E. Community vs. court room.

Front 48

Sentencing Circle

Back 48

A method of dispensing justice involving discussion between offenders, victims, and members of the community.

Front 49

How has restoration been used or can be used in justice?

Back 49

1. A final warning to young offenders.

2,A tool for school officials.

3.method of handling complaints to police.

4. Diversion from prosecution.

5. Presentencing, postconvction add on to the sentencing process.

6. Supplement to a community sentence (Probation)

7. Preparation for release from long term imprisonment.