Criminology Ch 1

Front 1

Criminology

Back 1

Scientific study of the nature, extent, cause and control of criminal behavior

Front 2

Criminology Subareas

Back 2

1. Criminal stats/ crime measurement

2. Law and society

3. Theories of crime

4. Understanding crime and criminal behavior

5. Penology

6. Victimology

Hint 2

6 subareas

Front 3

Criminal stats/ crime measurement

Back 3

Gathering valid crime data

New research methods; measuring crime patterns and trends

Front 4

Law and society

Back 4

Determining the origin of law

Measuring forces that can change laws and society

Front 5

Theory construction

Back 5

Predicting individual behavior

Understanding the cause of crime rates and trends

Front 6

Criminal behavior systems

Back 6

Determining the nature and cause of crime patterns

Studying violence, theft, organized crime, white collar crime, and public order crimes

Front 7

Penology

Back 7

Studying the correction and control of criminal offenders

Using scientific method to assess the effectiveness of corrections

Front 8

Victimology

Back 8

Studying the nature and cause of victimization

Studying and developing theories on victimization risk

Front 9

Valid measure

Back 9

Measure that actually measures what supposed to

Front 10

Reliable measure

Back 10

Measure that gets consistent results

Front 11

Victim precipitated homicide

Back 11

Refers to killings in which the victim caused the violent confrontation or incident

Front 12

White collar crime

Back 12

Illegal acts that people use status to do

Embezzlement, fraud, false advertising . . .

Front 13

Rehabilitation

Back 13

Treatment of criminal offenders that's aimed are preventing future crimes

Front 14

Mandatory sentences

Back 14

Statutory requirement that a penalty will be carried out in all cases of conviction for an offense

Front 15

Capital punishment

Back 15

The death penalty

Front 16

Recidivism

Back 16

Relapse into criminal behavior after doing time for a previous crime

Front 17

Cesare Beccaria

Back 17

Dimish crime by giving sufficient punishment

People will commit crime if reward outweighs punishment. If punishment too severe than will commit further crime

Rape and murder

Front 18

Classical criminology

Back 18

Perspective suggesting that crime can be controlled if potential criminals fear punishment

Based on BECCARIA

Front 19

Classical criminology basic elements

Back 19

1. People can choose law or crime to meet their needs or settle problems

2. Crime attractive when it promises benefits and no effort

3. Crime controlled by fear of punishment

4. Severe, certain, and swift punishment will deter crime

Hint 19

4 basic elements

Front 20

Positivism

Back 20

Based on writing of Auguste Comte

Suggests human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological, or economic forces that can be empirically measured

Front 21

Positivism basic elements

Back 21

to conduct research

based in laws and can be measured and observed

1. Use scientific method to conduct research2. Identifying conditions under which crime occurs based in laws and can be measured and observed 3. All beliefs and statements must be proved by empirical evidence 4. Science must be value free and not influenced by bias

2. Identifying conditions under which crime occurs based in laws and can be measured and observed 3. All beliefs and statements must be proved by empirical evidence 4. Science must be value free and not influenced by bias

3. All beliefs and statements must be proved by empirical evidence

4. Science must be value free and not influenced by bias

Hint 21

4 basic elements

Front 22

Scientific method

Back 22

Formulating a problem, creating hypothesis, and collecting data through observation and experiment, to verify hypothesis

Front 23

Cesare Lombroso

Back 23

Father of criminology

People were born criminals and would examine bodies and brains

Front 24

Social Criminology

Back 24

Emile durkheim

Focuses on the relationship between social factors and crime

Front 25

Anomie

Back 25

A lack of norms or clear social standards

Front 26

Chicago school

Back 26

Group of urban sociologists who studied the relationship between environmental conditions and crime

Front 27

Socialization

Back 27

Process of human development and enculturation

Influenced by social processes and institutions (family life, education)

Front 28

Conflict theory

Back 28

Human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict and those who maintain social power will use for their needs

Front 29

Critical criminology

Back 29

View that crime is a product of the capitalist system

Front 30

Criminology perspectives

Back 30

1. Classical/ choice

2. Biological/ psychological

3. Structural

4. Process

5. Conflict

6. Developmental

Hint 30

6 perspectives

Front 31

Classical/ choice perspective

Back 31

Situational forces

Crime is choice. Punishment is deterrent to crime

Front 32

Biological/ psychological perspective

Back 32

Internal forces

Crime function of chemical, numerological, gernetic, pdfsonality, intelligence, or mental traits

Front 33

Structural perspective

Back 33

Ecological forces

Crimes rates are a function of neighborhood conditions, cultural forces, and norm conflict

Front 34

Process perspective

Back 34

Socialization forces

Crime is a function of upbringing, learning and control, those around influence behavior

Front 35

Conflict perspective

Back 35

Economic and political forces

Crime is a function of competition for limited resources and power. Class conflict produces crime

Front 36

Developmental perspective

Back 36

Multiple forces

Biological, social, psychological, economic, and political forces may combine to produce crime

Based on gluecks research

Front 37

Deviant behavior

Back 37

Behavior outside of social norms

Front 38

Crime

Back 38

An act that has been specifically defined, prohibited and punished

Front 39

Decriminalized

Back 39

Having criminal penalties reduced rather than eliminated

Front 40

Harry Aslinger

Back 40

Head of federal bureau of narcotics

Got Marijuana illegalized

Front 41

Concepts of crime

Back 41

1. Consensus view

2. Conflict view

3. Interactionist view

Hint 41

3 views

Front 42

Consensus view

Back 42

crime

Agreement exists on outlawed behavior

Law defines crime Agreement exists on outlawed behavior Law applies equally

Law applies equally

Front 43

Criminal law

Back 43

Written code that defines crimes and punishments

Front 44

Conflict view

Back 44

Criminal behavior is defined by those in power and used to protect their own self interest

Front 45

Interactionist view

Back 45

Those with social power use to impose their own moral beliefs about crime

Front 46

Code of Hammarabi

Back 46

Made by King Hammarabi in Babylon. The first set of written rules

Front 47

Lex talionis

Back 47

Eye for an eye

Front 48

Mosaic code

Back 48

Laws of ancient isrealties. Many laws used in America today. Murder, purgery

Front 49

Precedent

Back 49

Landmark ruling applied to similar cases

Front 50

Common law

Back 50

Law interpretation left up to the courts

Front 51

Mala in se

Back 51

Evil crimes that illegal by nature

Front 52

Mala prohibita

Back 52

Crimes that are prohibited by law

Front 53

Statutory crimes

Back 53

Crimes defined by legislative body in response to social conditions, public opinions, and custom.

Mala prohibita is another name

Front 54

Felony

Back 54

Serious offense that gets 1+ years in prison

Front 55

Misdemeanor

Back 55

Minor crime that gets less than one year in jail or a fine

Front 56

Social goals wanted to achieve with laws

Back 56

1. Enforce social control

2. Discourage revenge

3. Express public opinions

4. Teach moral values

5. Deters criminal behavior

6. Apply "just desert"

7. Creates equity

8. Maintains the social order

Hint 56

8 goals

Front 57

Enforce social control

Back 57

Used to prohibit behaviors that threaten social well being or challenge authority

Front 58

Discourages revenge

Back 58

Shift burden of revenge from individual onto the state

Front 59

Express public opinion

Back 59

Reflects constantly changing opinions on controversial acts

Front 60

Teach moral values

Back 60

People learn appropriate and prohibited behavior and morals of them

Front 61

Deters criminal behavior

Back 61

Designed to control restrain and direct human behavior through punishments

Front 62

Apply "just desert"

Back 62

Criminals deserve their ounishments for the misdeeds they have done

Front 63

Create equity

Back 63

Redistribute illegal gains back to society

Front 64

Maintain social order

Back 64

Laws support and maintain the social system

Front 65

Lawrence v. Texas

Back 65

Supreme Court declared that laws criminalizing sodomy were unconstitutional because violated rights based on sexual orientation

Front 66

Criminal justice

Back 66

System used for social control and crime control

Front 67

Criminal justice system

Back 67

The agencies of government that are responsible for apprehending, adjudicating, sanctioning and treating criminal offenders

Front 68

3 main components of the criminal justice system

Back 68

1. Police and law enforcement

2. Courts

3. Corrections

Front 69

Arrest

Back 69

Taking an individual into police custody

Must have probable cause

Front 70

Probable cause

Back 70

Sufficient evidence that would lead a reasonable person to believe an offense was committed

Front 71

Custody

Back 71

Suspect remains in police holding

Will go through booking and interrogation

Front 72

Interrogation

Back 72

The questioning of a suspect in police custody

Front 73

Booking

Back 73

Fingerprinting photography and recording of personal information of a suspect in police custody

Front 74

Nolle prosequi

Back 74

Declaration that the prosecutor will drop a case due to insufficient evidence

Front 75

Indictment

Back 75

Bring accusation by the grand jury charging an individual with a crime based on probable cause

Front 76

Grand jury

Back 76

A group of citizens chosen to hear testimony in secret before formal criminal accusations are made

Front 77

Information

Back 77

If I leave before a lower court judge who decides if a case should go forward with trial

Front 78

Preliminary hearing

Back 78

Impartial lower court judge decides whether there is probable cause sufficient for trial

Front 79

Arraignment

Back 79

When it be accused is brought before the judge and and charges are brought

Front 80

Bail

Back 80

A money Bond intended to ensure that the accused will return for trial

Front 81

Recognizance

Back 81

Pledge by the accused to return for trial without having to pay bail

Front 82

3 principles of laws

Back 82

1. Principle of legality

2. Principle of intent/ mens rea

3. Punishment

Front 83

Principle of legality

Back 83

Must be a law against act before the act was committed

Front 84

Principle of intent/ mens rea

Back 84

Crime of person intended to commit crime even if did not intend the consequences

Front 85

Punishment

Back 85

Crime of there is a punishment specified

Front 86

Plea bargain

Back 86

Pleading guilty for a lower sentence

Front 87

Hung Jury

Back 87

Jury unable to agree on a decision leaving case unresolved and open for a retrial

Front 88

Appeal

Back 88

Taking case to higher court because did not like the results from the lower court

Front 89

Uniform Crime Report

Back 89

Data collected from police agencies

Collected by FBI

Data on crimes, arrests, and employees

Front 90

Part 1 crimes

Back 90

Most serious crimes

Murder, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, arson, motor vehicle theft

Front 91

Murder

Back 91

Part 1 crime

Willful killing of one human by another

Front 92

Forcible rape

Back 92

The penetration of any part of the body by any object without the consent of the victim

Front 93

Robbery

Back 93

Taking anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person by force or fear

Front 94

Aggravated assault

Back 94

Unlawful attack by one person upon another with a weapon for purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury

Front 95

Burglary

Back 95

The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft

Front 96

Larceny

Back 96

Unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property for the possession or constructive possession of another

Front 97

Motor vehicle theft

Back 97

Theft of a car, plane . . .

Front 98

Arson

Back 98

Willful burning of house, building, motor vehicle, aircraft. . .

Front 99

Part 2 crimes

Back 99

All crimes not included in part 1 crimes

Less serious offenses

Front 100

How UCR get data

Back 100

By law enforcement agencies whether someone arrested or not

Front 101

2 ways crimes cleared from UCR

Back 101

1. When person charged, arrested and turned over for prosecution

2. Exceptional means- person flees country

Front 102

National incident based reporting system (NIBRS)

Back 102

A program that collects data on each reported crime incident and info on victim and offender

Front 103

Sampling

Back 103

People selected to represent a larger group

Front 104

Population

Back 104

The entire group a sample comes from

High school studenta, police officers

Front 105

National Crime victimization survey (ncvs)

Back 105

Victimization survey conducted by the US Census Bureau For the Bureau of Justice statistics

Front 106

Self report survey

Back 106

People report the crimes they have committed in detail

Front 107

Masculinity hypotheses

Back 107

Cesare Lombroso

Women who committ crime are very masculine

Front 108

Liberal feminist theory

Back 108

Crime view that suggests women social and economic role control crime trends

Front 109

Racial profiling

Back 109

Police action against a person because of their race

Front 110

Racial threat hypothesis

Back 110

More blacks equals more perceived threat to whites