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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Offending Across the life course
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Activation → Aggravation → Desistance
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Age graded theory of informal social control
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Sampson, R. and Laub,J. 1993
Life course theory Glueck’s data on 500 juvenile delinquents |
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Age-graded theory Four key concepts
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Trajectories
Transiitons (short term life events, job, college, marriage, can change life course and trajectories) Turning points (neg, or pos, death in family, getting divorced) Social capital (positive relations you get from having relationships/bond, gives you capital, allows you to get a good job because your friends) |
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Age-graded theory Three Hypotheses
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• Background structure → weak informal social control → juvenile delinquency
• Stability in offending due to cumulative continuity • Change In offending due to adult social bonds Quality/ strength of ties to spouse, employment |
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How adults desist from crime
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Adult criminal behavior → Establish social bonds with adult institutions of informal social control→ like Marriage or employment → Desist from crime
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Explaining desistance from crime
o Two factors |
• Social Marriage, employment and peer associations
• Internal Cognitive and identity transformation (the perception of yourself changes, preferences change) |
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3 parts of conflict Criminology
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Consensus
• Most of society shares core values • Law reflects collective will • Laws serves everyone equally • Law violators are a distinctive subgroup Pluralistic • Society consists of many diverse groups • Each group has own values, beliefs, interests • All agree law is useful for dispute resolution • Legal System is value neutral Conflict • Society is composed of diverse groups • Different definitions of right & wrongs • Conflict is unavoidable • Nature of conflict centers on political power • Law used to maintain interests of power • Those in power want to stay there |
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Karl Marx
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Capitalism involves class struggle between:
• Bourgeoisie (Have) • Proletariat (Have-nots) Argued against the idea of a social contract Crime—a primitive form of rebellion against social order |
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Conflict Criminology
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Conflicts theories don’t explain where power originates
Capitalism • Class system → power differentials → crime Inspired by Karl Marx |
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Chambliss & Seidman, 1971
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Greater economic stratification (Wealth spread out, very poor very rich) → greater coercion
Four propositions • Life conditions affect values & norms • Complex societies consist of diverse groups • Unequal distribution of political/economical power • Laws reflect norms of the politically powerful |
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Explaining Crime in Capitalist Societies
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Surplus value profit →Displacement Marginalization→Increased crime & Punishment
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How critical criminologists define crime
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o Political concepts designed to protect the powerful
o Criminalization vs. Regulation o Focus on law violations of the powerful o Environmental crimes, surveillance crime, criminal justice crimes, poltical crimes |
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Modern critical criminology
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Instrumental Marxism
• State acts as a “tool” to control lower classes Structural Marxism • State ensures the preservation of capitalist system |
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Feminist Criminology
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o Traditional theories excluded women
o Women’s liberation Movement |
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Area of Study in Feminist Crim
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• Victimization of women
• Gender differences in crime • Gendered Justice |
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The development of Feminist Criminology
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Adler (1975) Sisters in Crime
• Acquire masculine qualities Simon (1975) Women and Crime • Increased oppurtunities |
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Critical Feminism
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o Capitalism → Gender inequality
o How does patriarchy contribute to crime? o Oppression & victimization are major causes of female offending |
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Power Control Theory
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Hagan (1989) U. Toronto
Crime is a function of power (Class Position) and control (Family function) • Workplace power relationships reproduced in families • Power relationship determines how children are socialized • Two types of families • Paternalistic o Unequal power relationship o Daughters experience more control than sons • Egalitarian o Equal power relationships o Siblings experience similar levels of control |
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Restorative Justice
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o Community
o Victim o Offender |
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3 Goals of Restroative Justice
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• Community safety
• Competency development • Accountability |
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Examples of RJ
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• Victim-offender mediation
• Restitution (Offender repaying victim) • Sentencing circles (members of comm, victim, and offender, talk about crime and what happened) (Native American stuff) |
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Violent Crime
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Use of threat of force on a victim by an offender
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Area of Interest in Violent Crime
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• Frequency
• Methods used • Distribution |
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Types of Violent Crime
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o Murder
o Rape o Robbery o Assault |
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The Degrees of murder
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First Degree
• Premeditation & deliberation Second Degree • Crime of passion Felony Murder • Happens during a felony (you rob someone, in the process kill them) Manslaughter (3rd degree) • Voluntary • Involuntary or negligent |
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Homicide: Victim-offender relationship
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Approx. 25% occur between family members
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Two Classifications of Homicide
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Smith and Parker
Primary • Expressive crimes between known others Non Primary • Instrumental crimes between strangers |
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Multicide
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Multiple murders committed by one persons
Includes: Serial Killers Mass Murders Spree Killers |
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Serial Killers
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Person who kills 3+ victims in 3+ separate events
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Classifying Serial Killers
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•Organized (normal people, above average intelligence) vs. Disorganized (Below average intelligence)
•Thrill (motivated by thrill, sexual gratification), mission (vision seek to for fill) expedience killers (motivated by profit or protection) |
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Mass Murder
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Killing of 4+ victims in a single event by one or a few persons
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Rasons for Mass Murder
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Revenge
Love Profit Terror |
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Spree Killers
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Killing of multiple victims over a short span of time
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Common law definition of rape
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Carnal Knowledge of a women not ones wife by force or against her will
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Types of Rapist
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•Anger
•Power •Sadistic |
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Types of Rape
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•Acquaintance
•Marital •Prison (Soap) •Statutory |
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Define Robbery:
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Taking of property from a victim by threat or use of force
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Two Types of Robbery:
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o Personal vs.
Institutional Robbery |
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The Armed Robber
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• Most are opportunistic rather than professional
• Evidence of rational choice |
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Assault
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Aggravated vs. Simple (no weapon, no damage to victim)
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WCC Definition
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Crime was mostly thought to be a lower class problem before 1930s
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Sutherland (1939)
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A crime committed by a person of respectability & high social status in the course of his occupation
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White collar Crime: Then and Now
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Then: Emphasis on Social Class or Occupation of Criminal → Now: Emphasis on the type of crime committed (forgery)
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Occupational Crime
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Any Punishable act committed through opportunity created during the course of legal occupation
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Four Types of Occupational Crime
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•Organizational (benefit for organization)
•State-authority (state officials (bribery)) •Professional (Doctors billing service that weren’t done) •Individual (Tax evasion, employee theft) |
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Financial Crime
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Illegal activities committed for profit by businesses & those who run them
Various Frauds • Corporate, SEC, health care, mortgage, insurance, etc. o Money Laundering |
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Corporate Crime
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Law violations by organization or their employees acting on behalf of the organization
Examples • Illegal restraint of trade • Price fixing • Deceptive pricing • Worker safety violations |
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Explaining White Collar Crime
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Differential Association (
Self-control (GTC) Corporate Culture |
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Compliance vs. Deterrence
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Economic sanctions vs. arrest and punish individual wrongdoers
Compliance (penalize corporation) vs. penalize individual |
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Mafia Today is La...
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La Cosa Nostra
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How many families dominate Italian Mafia in US
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24
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How many in NY?
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5
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Omerta
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Code of Allegiance
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Crime committed by OC
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• Violence
• Vice Crime • Racketeering • Bribery • Trafficking • Loan Sharing • Fencing • Digital Piracy |
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Transnational Organized crime
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Various criminal organizations operate through the world
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Thieves with honor in Russian
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Vory v Zakone
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Federal Legislation against OC
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Hobbes Act (1946)→
Organized Crime Control Act of 1970→ Racketeer influenced and corrupt organization (RICO) Statute → Money Laundering Control Act (1986) |
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Meaning, that it’s bad because the law says so
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Mala Prohibita
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Measuring Drug Abuse
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Monitoring the Future
• HS Students National Survey on Drug Use and Health • General Population Other data sources—DEA, ADAM, ONDCP |
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Induce violent Behavior
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Psychpharmalogical
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Crimes to support drug use
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Instrumental
economic compulsive |
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Violence related to drug
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Systemic
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Drug Controlling Strategies
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Anti-Drug legislation and strict enforcement→interdiction (Drugs coming into the country) →
Crop control (control materials out of natural growth, opium, weed) Asset Forfeiture (Allow government to take any property or money, earned through drug sales)→ Anti-drug education |
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Typology of Prostitutes
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• Streetwalker (lowest class of prostitutes)
• Bar/Hotel Prostitutes (depends on hotel) • Call Girls (escorts) • Hotel/Brothel prostitute (actually work in hotel) • Other |
