Criminal Theory (300) Final

Front 1

According to Cornish and Clarke's Rational Choice Theory, which factors have a large effect of whether a person decides to break the law and an actual criminal event?

Back 1

Situational Factors

Front 2

For Stafford and Warr's deterrence theory, what did they bring their attention to?

Back 2

Punishment Avoidance

Front 3

What does the classical perspective assume about offender motivation?

Back 3

All individuals are motivated to commit crime through the pursuit of self-interests.

Front 4

From the Routine Activity Theory, who is the least likely to be a victim?

Back 4

Someone who is married and has children

Front 5

In regards to environmental theories, when crime is not really reduced but is simply changed in some way (time, place, method, type) what has occurred?

Back 5

Displacement

Front 6

What type of human nature does Rational Choice Theory have? and why..

Back 6

Nature & Nurture- individual is making their own choice but friends can influence their behavior

Front 7

What is the concept that unites the various perspectives under "environmental criminology"?

Back 7

Figure OUT

Front 8

What view on devience considers that criminal acts are bad because they are forbidden by the law (mala prohibita)

Back 8

Constructionist

Front 9

According to Classical Theory what is the most important element of punishment?

Back 9

Certainty

Front 10

From a gene-based evolutionary theory what does the spousal and romantic triangle assault hypothesize?

Back 10

Males are the main offenders in the act of spousal assault in both humans and other species

Front 11

What crime-reduction policy was criticized from Lombroso's Positivist School?

Back 11

selective breeding

Front 12

According to Personality and Crime, what 2 personality traits are predictors of criminal delinquent behavior?

Back 12

Negative emotionality and Low constraint.

Front 13

According to Development of Antisocial Behavior Theory, what can temperament effect?

Back 13

Parenting Styles

Front 14

What does brain imaging research from (does the body tell) suggest criminal predisposition can be positively related to?

Back 14

Fewer nerve cells in the prefrontal area.

Front 15

What type of Social order (and why) does Gene-based evolutionary theories have?

Back 15

Consensus- humans evolved to be altruistic giving way to a social contract.

Front 16

According to Cognitive development theories, individuals understand their role in society in a selfish way, and their behavior is mostly guided by pain/pleasure considerations from what stage of moral reasoning development?

Back 16

Pre-conventional

Front 17

Name one policy implication of modern biosocial theories

Back 17

having teachers be trained to look and report severe antisocial behavior

Front 18

Which structure in the mind (freud) is most involved in the development of antisocial behavior by adulthood?

Back 18

Super Ego

Front 19

From the Development of Antisocial Behavior Theory, When are peer influences a stronger factor than parental factors?

Back 19

During adolescence

Front 20

Durkheim believes societies whose bonds are based on kinship instead of the division of labor and where the use of the penal law prevails are said to have what type of solidarity?

Back 20

Mechanical Solidarity

Front 21

According to the Concentric zone theory, which zone of the city presents the most social problem including high crime rates?

Back 21

Transitional Zone

Front 22

What is the main thesis of the Race, Crime, and Urban inequality Theory?

Back 22

Disadvantaged, isolated neighborhoods develop a tolerance for deviance seeing it as unavoidable given the structural circumstances.

Front 23

What characterizes inner-city neighborhoods with high rates of crime from the Social Disorganization Theory?

Back 23

high levels of poverty+ heterogeneity+ mobility

Front 24

What term refers to mutual trust and support among residents as well as willingness to interven on the communitys' behalf?

Back 24

Collective efficacy

Front 25

What was one social change according to early 20th century sociologists, that led to an increase in poverty and crime in American cities?

Back 25

urbanization

Front 26

What are Durkheims three main-characteristics of crime?

Back 26

1.) crime is normal
2.) crime is inevitable
3.) crime is necessary

Front 27

Name a reason why massive incarceration of young minority men is detrimental for their communities

Back 27

Children grow up without a father figure, and see incarceration as inevitable/ a right of passage

Front 28

Name a post WWII policy that had a long-term detrimental consequence for African American families

Back 28

public housing projects

Front 29

According to the systemic model of crime control what level of social control do communities with the ability to secure external resources (ex. jobs, public investment) have?

Back 29

Public

Front 30

What do Differential Associations vary by?

Back 30

Frequency, Duration, priority, and intensity

Front 31

What is the main concept of Code of the Street theory?

Back 31

Respect

Front 32

In Social Learning theory, what concept refers to the balance of anticipated or actual rewards or punishments that follow behavior?

Back 32

Differential reinforcement

Front 33

What is the main thesis of the Differential Association Theory?

Back 33

It argues that people become criminal when there is an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions that are unfavorable to violate the law

Front 34

In Social Learning theory what is removing an aversive stimulus referred to?

Back 34

Indirect Punishment

Front 35

What are peoples attitudes towards the CJ system in accordance with the code of the streets theory?

Back 35

Individuals see getting prison-time as a respect status.

Front 36

What type of definition goes along with "I was drunk and I didn't know what I was doing"

Back 36

Neutralizing definitions, Justification/Excuses

Front 37

What would a policy implication for Social Learning Theory be?

Back 37

Big Brothers/Big Sisters

Front 38

What is one research finding(empirical evidence) for Code of Streets Theory?

Back 38

Blacks in general US population are no more likely
than Whites to embrace values favorable to violence

Front 39

What is the social order (and why) of Differential Association Theory?

Back 39

pluralistic- not everybody upholds same Values and views regarding the law

Front 40

From General Strain Theory what type of strain would be considered from this example "John got into a fight because of all the strain he was feeling after he lost his job and his gf broke up with hm"

Back 40

removal of a positively valued stimulus

Front 41

Why does Merton believe US has a high crime rate?

Back 41

There is a gap between the want for economic success and the means to achieve it

Front 42

What theory states that 'rates of crime are lower in countries with stronger families, schools and political systems?'

Back 42

Institutional-anomie theory

Front 43

What adaptation to strain is associated with property crime or drug dealing?

Back 43

Innovation

Front 44

What is the main thesis of Cohen's "Theory of status frustration"

Back 44

status frustration is the main reason why delinquent subcultures arise in lower-class neighborhoods rather than middle-class neighborhoods

Front 45

If an individuals "baby brother was killed during a drive by shooting by the creeps, and she decided then to join the bloods" what way was the strain experienced

Back 45

Indirectly experienced

Front 46

According to Institutional ANomie theory which economic dominance process explains why a stock broker with a BA is considered more succesful than a professor with a PhD?

Back 46

Devaluation of Education

Front 47

"Ashley started using drugs after her boyfriend sexually abused her" what type of strain from General Strain Theory is this?

Back 47

Presentation of a negative stimuli

Front 48

Give an example of how families accommodate to the economy in the US in accordance of Institutional anomie Theory

Back 48

Figure this out

Front 49

What is the main difference between Merton and Choen, for the reason for strain in the working class?

Back 49

Merton thinks strain is caused by fauilure to achieve monetary success and cohen thinks it's caused by failure to achieve status

Front 50

What question do control theories seek to answer?

Back 50

Why do people not commit crime?

Front 51

What technique of neutralization is being used if an individual justifies their delinquent actions by saying they acted due to circumstances beyond their control?

Back 51

Denial of Responsibility

Front 52

"Idle hands are the devil's worship" is an idea most consistent with what element of social bond?

Back 52

Involvement

Front 53

According to Self-Control Theory, what is a criminal predisposition?

Back 53

A result of ineffective parenting

Front 54

"I didn't take drugs cause my parents would kill me", what type of social bond example is this?

Back 54

Attachment to parents

Front 55

If an individual justifies their actions by saying they acted in response to demands from peer groups what technique of neutralization have they used?

Back 55

Appear to higher loyalties

Front 56

If a girl does not want to commit a crime because she is a straight A student and if she was arrested she might lose all her hard work, what social bond explains this?

Back 56

Commitment

Front 57

What are 2 conditions of good parenting according to the self-control theory?

Back 57

Parent supervision
Teach mainstream values/morals

Front 58

All Control Theories have a ________ view of social order because...

Back 58

Consensus. even delinquents believe in social norms

Front 59

A man kicked out of school for looking at porn kicked out a bunch of windows on the way home, what type of defiance did he engage in?

Back 59

Specific indirect

Front 60

From Criminality and Economic Conditions what is the mental state caused by capitalism?

Back 60

Egoism

Front 61

What is the main thesis of Reintegrative Shaming?

Back 61

Stigmatizing and rejecting offenders will cause them to be more criminal

Front 62

From Crime in a market society theory what is the solution of crime in the US?

Back 62

Financing healthcare, childcare, and job training

Front 63

What is the peacemaking perspective?

Back 63

crime is suffering

Front 64

Name a policy implication of labeling theories

Back 64

Decriminalization

Front 65

"Patting down a black man wearing baggy pants" due to what trait?

Back 65

Auxilirary Trait

Front 66

Name 2 characteristics using American market society as a reason why the US has such high crime rates

Back 66

1.) high level of inequality
2.) cut-backs on social programs

Front 67

According to Crime and Coercion Theory, what type of control leads to a predisposition for sensation seeking delinquency and white collar crime?

Back 67

eratic non-coersive

Front 68

Name a research finding that critical criminologists would argue supports their theories

Back 68

Poor criminal cannot afford a lawyer, so they stay in prison until trial

Front 69

What is the main thesis of Masculinity and Crime?

Back 69

Men portray the ideal of hegemonic masculinity differently, depending on social structural position

Front 70

What happened before the rise of feminist criminology?

Back 70

The social experience of gender was given little or no importance

Front 71

What was the main thesis of the Sisters in Crime Theory?

Back 71

Social equality caused women to commit more crime and commit crimes previously committed mostly by men

Front 72

What's the main thesis of Gendered Theory of Female Offending?

Back 72

Female offenders are less likely to use weapons against their victims in common delinquency than are male offenders

Front 73

What is the major reason females offend according to A Feminist Theory of Female Delinquency?

Back 73

sexual victimization

Front 74

Name an empirical evidence that supports feminist theories of crime

Back 74

Women learn their criminal behavior from men

Front 75

What is one area from Gendered Theory of Female offending that inhibits female crime and encourages male crime

Back 75

Gender Norms- women are seen as weak, men as strong

Front 76

According to (Gendering of Violent Delinquency) what role do definitions of gender play in discouraging girls' violent delinquency?

Back 76

Girls are doubly sanctioned by going against gender roles and the law

Front 77

What are two criticisms of Mainstream Criminology?

Back 77

-didn't explain gender gap
-wrong methodology

Front 78

What group of boys (according to Masculinities and Crime) is most at risk for displaying masculinity through hate crime?

Back 78

white, working class

Front 79

What is the most important cause of a person becoming a "life-course-persistent" offender.

Back 79

Neuropsychological deficits that evoke poor early parenting and cause youth to have difficult in other social settings

Front 80

What does Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency conclude

Back 80

Biological and Psychological factors, as opposed to social factors

Front 81

What are the two pathways in the Life-course theory?

Back 81

Adolescence-Limited
Life-Course Persistent

Continuity or Change

Front 82

From the Persistent Offending and Desistance Theory what can be a transition out of crime?

Back 82

Being in a quality marriage or having a stable job can be a transition out of crime

Front 83

Theory of Cognitive Transformation and Desistance from crime's main thesis

Back 83

emphasizes the individuals own role in entering environments that can lead to desistance and accepting different views of crime.

Front 84

What are the two additional groups of offenders from the Health and Development Study?

Back 84

Abstainers
Low-Level-chronic

Front 85

Name a policy implication of Development and Life-Course Theories

Back 85

Coming into the home and teaching parents

Front 86

Name 2 cognitive transformations in regards to the Cognitive Transformation and Desistance Theory.

Back 86

1.) Readiness for Change
2.) Accepting a hook for change