Criminal Justice Definitions - Text # 4

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Reintegration

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preparing offenders to return to the community unmarred by further criminal behavior

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Diversion

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diverting those who qualify away from prison and jail and toward community based intermediate sanctions

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Probation

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a criminal sanction in which a convict is allowed to remain in the community rather than be imprisoned as long as he/she follows certain conditions imposed by the court

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Conditions of Proabation

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standard (conditions put on all people on probation)
punitive
treatment (specific conditions)

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Klocker's 4 types of probation officers

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-The Law Enforcer – primary concern is enforcing the law
-Therapeutic Agent – responsibility of providing treatment for the officer
-Time Server – view their jobs as “just a job”
-Synthetic Officers – try to blend the law enforcement and therapeutic approaches

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Probation revocation process

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-preliminary hearing
-revocation hearing

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intermediate sanctions

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applied to non-profit organizations who engage in transactions that inure to the benefit of a disqualified person within the organization. allows the IRS to penalize the organization and the disqualified person receiving the benefit.

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fines

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relates to a financial punishment for the commission of minor crimes or as the settlement of a claim

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day fines

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unit of fine payment that, above a minimum fine, is based on the daily personal income.

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community service

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alternative sentencing technique in a justice system

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restitution

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the money a judge orders the offender to pay to the victim(s) to compensate for damages related to the crime

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forfeiture

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To be divested or deprived of the ownership of something as a penalty for the commission of a crime. (2) To give up or surrender property (usually). (3) Obs. A vassal surrendering his land, or other property, to his lord, after conviction in the lord's court

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day reporting centers

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A place where select offenders must report while on probation or parole and where the offender receives an increased intensity of services. Day reporting centers may include educational services, vocational training, treatment, and other service deliveries.

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drug courts

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specialized courts designed to handle cases involving offenders who abuse addictive substances

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intensive supervision probation (ISP)

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provide intense supervision of offenders under conditions established by the Juvenile Court

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shock incarceration

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inmates who successfully complete a six-month boot camp are released from custody earlier than they would have been if they had not participated in the program

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house arrest

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measure by which a person is confined by the authorities to his or her residence

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electronic monitoring

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system used to increase effectiveness in supervising defendants who are required to abide by curfew or remain in their homes as a condition of pretrial release

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net-widening

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has been found that what has happened instead is that the total numbers of offenders under the control of the state have increased while the population targeted for reduction has not been reduced

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william penn

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founder and "Absolute Proprietor" - known as an early champion of democracy and religious freedom and famous for his treaty with the Lenape Indians.

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walnut street jail

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the first penitentiary in the world," the reference being principally to a small building in the rear which was built in 1791 to house prisoners whose sentence included solitary confinement

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pennsylvania system

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penal method based on the principle that solitary confinement fosters penitence and encourages reformation

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total institutions

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an institution where all parts of life of individuals under the institution are subordinated to and dependent upon the authorities of the organization

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the inmate code

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refers to the rules and values that have developed among prisoners inside prisons social systems

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prisonization

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The process of being socialized into the culture and social life of prison society to the extent that adjusting to the outside society becomes difficult.

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deprivation model

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-degredation
-solidarity
-repudiation
-alternate social system

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women's prisons

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represent the fasted growing population in prison

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"hands on"

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that recognized that while inmates do not forfeit all constitutional rights, their rights are not as broad as those enjoyed by non-prisoners

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"hands off"

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The position of the courts, prior the mid 1960s that they had neither the power or the obligation to define or protect what constitutional rights inmates had.

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first juvenile courts

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that juveniles were not ready to be held accountable for their actions, and was that they were not yet fully developed and could rehabilitate easier than adults.

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status offenses

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an action that is prohibited only to a certain class of people, and most often applied to offenses only committed by minors. In some cases, it is used to mean a regulatory offense.

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Brockway

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the superintendent of Elmira Reformatory which focused on reforming offenders.

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The New York system

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also called the Auburn or congregate system) was based on fear of punishment and solitary confinement. The inmates worked together (i.e., they had congregate work conditions).

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Boot camps

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a type of intermediate sanction. They emphasize hard labor, discipline, and sometimes rehabilitation for the participants.

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importation model

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says that how inmates behave in prison is a result of the characteristics they bring into prison with them (e.g., their race, age, etc). This model thus contrasts with the deprivation model.

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waiver

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means transfer to adult court.

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judicial waiver

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where the judge makes the decision as to whether to waive the juvenile to adult court

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prosecutorial waiver

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where the prosecutor makes the decision as to whether to waive the juvenile to adult court

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Automatic waiver

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when there is a law saying that all juveniles who are charged with a specific offense (e.g., rape or murder) will be transferred to adult court.

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re Gault

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Supreme Court ruled that juveniles have a right against self-incrimination, the right to counsel, the right to receive adequate notice of the charges, and the right to confront and cross-examine accusers in cases in which confinement is a possibility

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re Winship

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Supreme Court established the burden of proof in juvenile cases to be proof beyond a reasonable doubt. (It was previously preponderance of the evidence.)

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reentry programs

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helping criminals reenter into society