Criminal Justice Ch. 1

Front 1

Informal Sanctions

Back 1

Social norms that are enforced through the social forces of family, school, government, and religion.

Front 2

Social Norms

Back 2

The expected normative behavior in society.

Front 3

Formal Sanctions

Back 3

Social norms enforced through laws of the criminal justice system (CJS).

Front 4

Order Maintenance

Back 4

Activities of law enforcement that resolve conflicts and assist in the regulation of day-to-day interactions of citizens.

Front 5

System of Social Control

Back 5

A social system designed to maintain order and regulate interactions.

Front 6

Due Process Rights

Back 6

Rights guaranteed to persons by the Constitution and its amendments.

Front 7

Crime-control (Public-order) Model

Back 7

A model of the CJS in which emphasis is placed on fighting crime and protecting potential victims.

Front 8

Due Process Model

Back 8

A model the ensures that individuals are protected from arbitrary and excessive abuse of power by the government.

Front 9

Criminal Justice System (CJS)

Back 9

The enforcement, by the police, the courts, and correctional institutions, of obedience to laws.

Front 10

Picket Fence Model

Back 10

The model of CJS in which the local, state, and federal CJS are depicted as three horizontal levels connected vertically by the roles, functions, and activities of the agencies that comprise them.

Front 11

Checks and Balances

Back 11

The authority of agencies to void actions of other CJS.

Front 12

Input-output Model

Back 12

A model of how people are processed through the CJS until they exit the system.

Front 13

Arrest

Back 13

To restrict the freedom of a person by taking him/her into police custody.

Front 14

Booking

Back 14

Police activity that establishes the identification of an arrested person and formally charges that person with a crime.

Front 15

Bail

Back 15

Release of the defendant prior to trial.

Front 16

Indictment

Back 16

The formal verdict of the grand jury that there is sufficient evidence to bring a person to trial.

Front 17

Preliminary Hearing

Back 17

A hearing before a magistrate judge in which the prosecution presents evidence to convince the judge that there is probable cause to bring the defendant to trial.

Front 18

Probable Cause Hearing

Back 18

A hearing to determine whether there is a direct link between a suspect and a crime.

Front 19

Grand Jury

Back 19

A panel of citizens that decides whether there is probable to indict a defendant on the alleged charges.

Front 20

True Bill

Back 20

A jury's decision that authorizes the prosecutor to arraign the defendant.

Front 21

Arraignment Hearing

Back 21

A hearing where charges are read and the defendant is asked to enter a plea.

Front 22

Jim Crow Laws (Black Codes)

Back 22

Laws passed after the Civil War to overstep the basic human right and civil liberties of African-Americans.

Front 23

1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act

Back 23

The act that ended discrimination in law enforcement and corrections based on race, gender, and other protected categories.

Front 24

Civil Disobedience

Back 24

A nonviolent approach of protest in the civil rights movement.

Front 25

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Back 25

A boycott of public transportation initiated by the arrest of Rosa Parks.

Front 26

Vietnam War

Back 26

A war from 1955-1975 involving Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

Front 27

Domino Theory

Back 27

A claim that the continued fall of government to communist rule would threaten democracy.

Front 28

War on Crime

Back 28

A declaration by President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 to counter crime and social disorder.

Front 29

Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968

Back 29

An act that provided resources to local and state government to assist in the adoption of reforms, including the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration.

Front 30

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)

Back 30

A conduit for the transfer of federal funds to state and local law enforcement agencies.

Front 31

Law Enforcement Education Program (LEEP)

Back 31

A program created to promote education among criminal justice personnel by offering loans and grants to pursue higher education.

Front 32

War on Terrorism

Back 32

President George W. Bush's declaration regarding the response of the U.S. To the events of September 11, 2001.

Front 33

War on Terrorism

Back 33

President George W. Bush's declaration regarding the response of the U.S. To the events of September 11, 2001.

Front 34

Enemy Combatant

Back 34

The suspension of due process rights for accused terrorists under the enemy combatant executive order.

Front 35

Due Process Amendment

Back 35

The 14th amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibiting local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without due process.

Front 36

Due Process Amendment

Back 36

The 14th amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibiting local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without due process.

Front 37

Substantive Due Process

Back 37

Due process that refers to the constitutionality of laws.

Front 38

Due Process Amendment

Back 38

The 14th amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibiting local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without due process.

Front 39

Substantive Due Process

Back 39

Due process that refers to the constitutionality of laws.

Front 40

Procedural Due Process

Back 40

The process and procedure the government can use to prosecute an individual.

Front 41

Due Process Amendment

Back 41

The 14th amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibiting local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without due process.

Front 42

Substantive Due Process

Back 42

Due process that refers to the constitutionality of laws.

Front 43

Procedural Due Process

Back 43

The process and procedure the government can use to prosecute an individual.

Front 44

Incorporate

Back 44

To grant rights defined by the U.S. Constitution to citizens of a state.

Front 45

Due Process Amendment

Back 45

The 14th amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibiting local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without due process.

Front 46

Substantive Due Process

Back 46

Due process that refers to the constitutionality of laws.

Front 47

Procedural Due Process

Back 47

The process and procedure the government can use to prosecute an individual.

Front 48

Incorporate

Back 48

To grant rights defined by the U.S. Constitution to citizens of a state.

Front 49

Presumption of Innocence

Back 49

The most important principle of the due process model requiring all accused persons to be treated as innocent until prove guilty in the court of law.

Front 50

Due Process Amendment

Back 50

The 14th amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibiting local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without due process.

Front 51

Substantive Due Process

Back 51

Due process that refers to the constitutionality of laws.

Front 52

Procedural Due Process

Back 52

The process and procedure the government can use to prosecute an individual.

Front 53

Incorporate

Back 53

To grant rights defined by the U.S. Constitution to citizens of a state.

Front 54

Presumption of Innocence

Back 54

The most important principle of the due process model requiring all accused persons to be treated as innocent until prove guilty in the court of law.

Front 55

Sociology

Back 55

The study of human social behavior.

Front 56

Due Process Amendment

Back 56

The 14th amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibiting local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without due process.

Front 57

Substantive Due Process

Back 57

Due process that refers to the constitutionality of laws.

Front 58

Procedural Due Process

Back 58

The process and procedure the government can use to prosecute an individual.

Front 59

Incorporate

Back 59

To grant rights defined by the U.S. Constitution to citizens of a state.

Front 60

Presumption of Innocence

Back 60

The most important principle of the due process model requiring all accused persons to be treated as innocent until prove guilty in the court of law.

Front 61

Sociology

Back 61

The study of human social behavior.

Front 62

Criminology

Back 62

The body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon.