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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 8 categories of crime theories?
CCPPSSBE |
Classical, biological, psychobiological, psychological, sociological, social process, conflict, emergent
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What is the definition of theory?
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A set of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict and control some class of events.
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What is the definition of deviance?
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A violation of social norms defining appropriate behavior under a particular set of circumstances.
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What is the definition of research?
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The use of standardized, systematic procedures in search for knowledge.
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What is the definition of interdisciplinary theories?
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An approach that integrates a variety in an attempt to explain something, such as crime or violence.
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What is the classical school of theory?
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An 18th century approach to crime causation and criminal responsibility that grew out of the Enlightenment and that emphasized the role of free will and reasonable punishments. Classical thinkers believed that punishment, if it is to be an effective deterrent, has to outweigh the potential pleasure derived from criminal behavior.
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What is the Neoclassical school of theory?
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A contemporary version of classical criminology that emphasizes deterrance and retribution and that holds that human beings are essentially free to make choices in favor of crime and deviance or conformity to the law.
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What is the Positive School of theory?
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An approach to criminal justice theory that stresses the application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminals.
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What is rational choice theory?
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A perspective on crime causation that holds that criminality is the result of conscious choices. Rational choice theory predicts that individuals will choose to commit crime when the benefits outweigh the consequences of disobeying the law.
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What is routine activities theory?
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A neoclassical perspective that suggests that lifestyles contribute significantly to both the amount and the type of crime found in any society.
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What is the Biological school of theory? And who is associated with it?
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A perspective on criminological thought that holds that criminal behavior has a physiological basis.--Gall, Lombroso, Sheldon
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What is the psychobiological school of theory? And who is associated with it?
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Human DNA, environmental contaminants, nutrition, hormones, trauma, and body chemistry play a role in producing human cognition, feeling, behavior, and crime. --Jacobs
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What is the psychological school of theory? And who is associated with it?
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A perspective on criminological thought that views offensive and deviant behavior as the product of dysfunctional personality. --Pavlov, Freud.
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What is Atavism?
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A condition characterized by the existence of features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution.
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What is phrenology?
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The study of the shape of the head to determine anatomical correlates of human behavior.
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What is somatotyping?
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The classifcation of human beings into types according to body build and other physical characteristics.
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What is psychosis?
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A form of mental illness in which sufferers are said to be out of touch with reality.
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What is schizophrenia?
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A mental illness that causes a person to suffer from disjointed thinking and possibly from delusions and hallucinations.
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What is the social disorganization theory?
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A condition said to exist when a group is faced with social change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consesus.
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What is the social psychological theory?
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A perspective on criminological thought that highlights the role played in crime causation by weakened self esteem and meaningless social roles. --Stress the individual to the social group as the underlying cause of behavior.
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What is conflict theory?
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A criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system's components function primarily to serve their own interests. According to this theoretical framework, justice is more a product of conflicts among agencies within the system than it is the result of cooperation among component agencies.
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What is Merton's Anomie Theory?
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A socially pervasive condition of normlessness. Also a disjunction between approved goals and means.
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What is Sutherland's Differential theory?
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Crime results from the failure of self direction, inadequate social roles,or association with defective others. Social policy places responsibility on the offender.
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What is containment theory by Walter Reckless?
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Some individuals are restrained from criminal behavior. -Outer containment-social norms, Inner containment-self control.
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What is control theory by Hirschi?
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Bonds to social order deter crime. The bonds are:
Attachment Commitment Involvement Belief in Social rules |
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What are Matza and Sykes techniques of neutralization?
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Rationalizing ones criminality.
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What are the tenets of feminst theory?
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Gender is the central organizing principle of modern life.
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What does Liberal femism mean?
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gender differences in crime rates are due to gender differences in socialization and gender discrimination in the CJS
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What does Maxist Femism mean?
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Womens subordinate position to men in capitalist societies forces them to commit crimes.
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What does Radical Femism mean?
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Patriarcy precedes capitalism and much crime commited by women occurs as a result of crimes committed by men against them.
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What is socialist feminism?
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Combines marxist with radical feminism and sees capitalism and patriarchy (class and gender) as equally important.
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What is multicultural/multiracial femism?
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Women of color experience subordination not only because of gender but because of race and thus may have a higher crime rate than white females.
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What does postmodern criminology mean?
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A branch of criminology that developed after WW2 and that builds on the tenets of postmodern social thought.
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What does deconstructionist theory mean?
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One of the emerging approaches that challenges existing criminological perspectives to debunk them with concepts more applicable to the postmodern era.
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Whose definition of a gang is this?
A group that forms spontaneously without any special attachment to existing parts of society. |
Frederick Thrasher.
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Whose definition of a gang is this?
Any denotable adolescent group of youngsters who are perceived as a distinct aggregation by others in their neighborhood, recognize themselves as a group, and have been in delinquent activities that calls attention to neighbors. |
Malcolm Klein.
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Whose definition of a gang is this?
A group of recurrently associating individuals with identifiable leadership, and internal organization, identifying with or claiming control over territory and engaging in either violent or illegal behaviors. |
Walter Miller
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Whose definition of a gang is this?
A group that has orgnization, age graded structure, leaders and members, names, insignia and other identifiers, a sense of tradition, turf, use of violence to attain objectives, involvement in crime and delinquency. |
Irving Spergel
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Whose definition of a gang is this?
Gangs are impermanent they expand and contract, have leadership roles, have norms and goals, btwn a group and a mob. |
Joseph Yablonsky.
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What are vertical structures?
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Refers to hierarchy, and includes differentiation between leaders and followers, and between age groups-move from one level to the other as they get older.
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What are horizontal structures?
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Refers to distinctions that are not vertical in nature, including linkages with neighborhoods, the combination of separate gangs into nations. --More common pattern seen.
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What is core membership?
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A core of 5-20 members who are the most active in gang activities from which leadership of the gang is drawn.
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What is peripheral membership?
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A set of marginal members more or less strongly affiliated with the gang, involved in gang activities and more or less committed.
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What is the difference between gangs and subcultures?
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Gangs can be distinguished from subcultures because they are less dependent on face to face interaction among members, less geographically centralized, and have less rigid criteria of entry, membership and obligation.
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What does Yablonsky say about gang leadership?
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Leaders of violent gangs were most sociopathic and socially inept members of the gang. If the leaders status was threatend they would turn to violence.
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What do Short and Strodbeck say about gang leaders?
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Leaders of gangs were the most socially adept.
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What does Klein say about gang leaders?
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Leaders are more socially adept members of the gang found no evidence of social disability among members.
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What does Campbell say about gang leaders?
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Gang members who were psychologically disturbed stayed away from leadership roles in gangs.
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Why according to Hagdorn do some people join gangs?
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People join gangs because of unsolved problems of the ubran settings, economic segregation and segmentation.
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Why according to Vekatesh do some people join gangs?
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Gangs will appeal to some because of the life course perspective they have few committments and obligations, while older members fade out.
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What is the demographic make up of most gang members?
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Male, teenager, poor.
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Where are gangs most prevalent?
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In low economic housing areas, filled with AAs and hispanics. Mostly New York, LA, and Chicago.
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How do gangs make it across suburbs and neighborhood boundaries?
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Traditional city slums have begun to move out from the center of the city toward the suburbs and the gangs have followed with it.
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What is the most common age for gang members to be?
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Gangs are most likely to be comprised of teenagers, secondly, of young adults in their early twenties. (15-17)
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What does recent research say about female gang members?
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That there has been an increase in female participation in gangs.
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Official arrest records and self report data differences says what about gang membership by ses?
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Low income communities serve as recruiters for gangs, these results are very pronounced.
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On average how many gang members are in the US?
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700,000
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On average how many gangs are there in the US?
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20,000-30,000
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What are the two critical variables reported by Maxon that distinguished between gang v. nongang violence in LA?
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Where homicides took place (usually in public) and the murders were generally associated with other offenses such as burglary.
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What are the definitions/criteria of gang v. nongang violence in Philidelphia and Chicago?
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Gang homicides, limiting it to homicides involving gang memebers as both assailants and victims, or one in which there is a clear gang motive.
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What are the three categories of variables employed to study the effects of reporting on official rates of homicide?
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Setting variables (such as location), if the murder was committed from an automobile, and the type of weapon used.
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What do the data on gangs strongly suggest?
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Gangs continue to dominate in violent behavior committed by adolescents.
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What are the general conclusions of the Rochester Youth Development, Seattle youth, and denver youth surveys?
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68% of all violent acts committed by adolescents were involved with gangs, 85% of all adolescent robberies, and 79% of violent crimes.
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What did Curry find when it came to gangs and nongangs when it comes to age and intimate relationships?
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Over 56% of nongang homicide victims had an intimate relationship with the gang members and over 58% of gang homicide victims.
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What is todays trend for total violent crime?
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It is decreasing.
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What is the trend for the homicide rate in the 20th century?
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Homicide rate decreased during the 90s and increased around 2000. Also there was a drop in homicide in the 80s when it was at its peak.
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What is the trend of homicide victimization and offending rates by race, gender, and age?
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Blacks are more likely than whites to be victims and offenders, and males are more likely than females to be victims and offenders. Homicide victims and offenders are both decreasing in number.
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What is the trend when it comes to gang homicides v. total homicides?
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There are many many more total homicides than there are gang homicides in general.
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What is the trend for gun homicides involving gangs?
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Out of all homicides committed with guns, gangs commit the most.
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What are Miller's four gang violence?
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Normal gang violence, victimization of nongang members in their own ses, acts against property of the general public, violence against middle class people.
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What is the general conclusion reached by scholars concerning the use of and carrying guns by gangs and nongangs according to Thornberry?
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Boys who carry guns are higher rates of offenders than belonging to a gang in general, and gun carrying gang members also commit more crimes than nongang youth. ** also carrying a gun early in life is a big indicator that people will carry them as adults etc.
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What is the general conclusion reached by scholars concerning the use of and carrying guns by gangs and nongangs?
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People in gangs are 10 times more likely to carry guns.
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What were the conclusions from earlier studies reported by Bobroski and Fagan on the relationship btwn violence and drugs and gangs/nongangs?
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There was little evidence to support that the presence of drugs contributed to gang violence.
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What were the conclusions drawn by Brant and Russell concerning gang/nongang homicides and the relationship to drugs?
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Gang members and nongang members differ on the type of weapon they use in a homicide, Gang drug related homicides were more likely to involve two or more participants and more frequently occurred outdoors, also more likely to be committed by people with records and during the winter months.
Victims of gang/drug homicides are more likely to be young and killed in a group setting. |
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What were Hunt and Laidler's conclusions concerning alchohol and violence, specifically comparisons across race and the purpose of alcohol for members by race?
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Most gangs drink before a fight, patterns of drinking after a fight vary by race, use alcohol to gear up to fight and at funerals etc.
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What were the findings of Esbensen concerning drug use and trafficking comparing gangs/nongangs?
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Gang members were more likely to use and traffic drugs than non gang youth, and more likely to commit acts of violence.
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What were the conclusions of Howell concerning gang related homicide from 1981-1996?
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There was a major decrease in gang related homicides.
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