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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Behaviorism
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a perspective that focuses on observable, measurable behavior and argues that the social environment and learning are the key determinants of human behavior
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Cognitive learning
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the formation and development of mental concepts, schemas, theories, attitudes, beliefs, and other mental versions of the world
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Cognitive Processes
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internal mental processes that enable humans to imagine, gain knowledge, reason, and evaluate information
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Crimes of obedience
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illegal acts that are committed under the order of someone in authority
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Differential association
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a theory of deviance developed by Ronald Akers that combines Skinner’s behaviorism and Sutherland’s differential association theory. The theory states that people learn deviant behavior through the reinforcements they receive from the social environment
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Dependent variable
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the variable that is measured to see how it is changed by manipulations of the independent variable
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Deindividuation
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a process by which individuals feel they cannot be identified, primarily because they are disguised or are subsumed within a group
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Discriminative stimuli
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according to Akers, social signals or gestures transmitted by subcultural or peer groups to indicate whether certain kinds of behavior will be rewarded or punished within a particular social context
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Expectancy Theory
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a theory of motivation that takes into account both the expectancy of achieving a particular goal and the value placed on it
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Extinction
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the decline and eventual disappearance of a conditioned or learned response when it is no longer reinforced
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Frustration
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an aversive internal state of arousal that occurs when one is prevented from responding in a way that previously produced rewards (or that one believes would produce rewards).
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Fundamental attribution error
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a tendency to underestimate the importance of situational determinates and to overestimate the importance of personality or dispositional factors in identifying the causes of human behavior
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Independent variable
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the measure whose effect is being studied, and, in most scientific investigations, that is manipulated by the experimenter in a controlled fashion
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Individual Offender
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a person who consistently violates the law because of a series of frustrations and disappointments and/or as a matter of personal choice
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Instrumental learning
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a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or diminished by its consequences. Also called operant conditioning.
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Models
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individuals or groups of individuals in the environment whose behavior is observed and imitated
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Moral disengagement
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the process of freeing oneself from one’s own moral standards in order to act against those standards. The unacceptable conduct is usually undertaken under orders from someone higher in authority or under high social pressure.
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Observational learning
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the process by which individuals learn patterns of behavior by observing another person performing the action
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Punishment
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an event by which a person receives a noxious, painful, or aversive stimulus, usually as a consequence of behavior
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Reductionism
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a research approach that argues that in order to understand highly complex events or phenomenon, one must start examining the simplest parts first
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Reinforcement
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(Negative) the reward received for avoiding a painful or aversive condition, or stimuli; (Positive) the acquisition of something desired as a result of one’s behavior
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Self-serving biases
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a tendency to attribute positive things that happen to us to our abilities and personalities, and to attribute negative events to some cause outside ourselves or beyond our control
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Situationism
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a theoretical perspective that argues that environmental stimuli control behavior
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Social learning theory
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a theory of human behavior based on learning from watching others in the social environment. This leads to an individual’s development of his or her own perceptions, thoughts, expectancies, competencies, and values
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Stimulus
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a person, event, or situation that elicits behavior
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Socialized offender
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a person who violates the law consistently because of learning the behavioral patterns from his or her social environment
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Variables
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any entity that can be measured
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Victimology
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the scientific study of the causes, circumstances, individual characteristics, and social contexts associated with crime victims
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