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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Crime |
an act or a failure to act in violation of the law forbidding or commanding it. A wide range of penalties exist upon conviction
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Forensic psychology |
The production and application of psychological knowledge to the civil and criminal justice systems |
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Conformity perspective |
Robert Merton 1938- Views humans as creatures of conformity want to do the right thing. Believes human beings are basically good people trying to live to their fullest potential |
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Strain theory |
Environmental factors limit some people's ability to achieve wealth and status so they turn to crime |
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Non-conformist perspective |
Travis Hirschi 1969- Assumes that human beings are basically undisciplined creatures who, without the constraints of the rules and regulations of a given society, would flout societies conventions and commit crime indiscriminately |
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Social control theory |
Family/social attachment internalizes social norms and helps develop a conscience |
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Learning perspective |
Edwin Sutherland 1979- Human beings are born neutral- (neither inherently conforming nor unruly) |
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Differential association theory |
Behavior is learned through social interaction and that social interaction gives meaning to behaviors |
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Criminology |
A multidisciplinary study of crime |
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Sociological criminology |
Examines the relationships between demographics and variables to crime. Examines environmental and situational factors. Involves conflict theories |
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Psychological criminology |
Examines signs of behavior and mental processes of the individual criminal |
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Personality trait |
Can be modified by environmental factors |
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Psychological trait |
More stable and enduring of environmental factors |
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Criminal profiling |
The process of identifying traits, behavior, geographic location, and demographic variables of an offender based on characteristics of the crime |
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Psychiatric criminology |
Use human behavior as a series of motives and drives. Humans are biologically motivated to get what we want. We are motivated by internal forces that conflict with our external environment |
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Psycho analytic theory-Sigmund Freud |
Views human nature as innately antisocial, similar to the nonconformist prospective and difference in degree orientation |
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Contemporary psychiatric criminology |
More diverse, increasingly research-based, considerably less steeped in a belief that criminals are acting out of their uncontrolled, animalistic, unconscious, or biological urges |
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Uniform crime report- FBI 1930 |
Most cited source of crime statistics
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Crimes measured in Violent crime rate |
Murder. aggravated assault, robbery, forcible rape |
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Crime rate
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Percent of crimes known to police per 100,000 population |
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Nonviolent crime rate based on |
Burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny theft |
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Clearance rate |
Offenses cleared when at least one person is arrested and remanded to the courts.
Percent of crime solved through arrest or exceptional means |
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Problems with UCR |
Hierarchy rule- Y number of offenses are committed only the most serious is reported
Street crimes are the mostly focused on |
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NIBRS- national incident-based reporting system |
Data collection that Federal law enforcement agencies report to
Broken down into group A and group B offenses |
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Group A |
46 serious offenses |
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Group B |
11 less serious offenses, includes arrest data characteristics |
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Self-report studies |
Gathered through interviews- either phone or in person-
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Problems with self-report studies |
People lie Those under 12 years of age are omitted Most are minor infractions |
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Victimization surveys- national crime victimization survey |
Phone interviews with people who have been victims of crimes. Children under 12 omitted |
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Problems with victimization surveys |
If the offender lives with the victim, victim will be unlikely to report. Especially in intimate partner violence |
