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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do victims expect from police? |
quick response to crime report provide psychological and physical support assist in filing complaint regular status reports apprehension of offender proper collection of evidence for conviction quick recovery of stolen property |
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3 goals for crime victims |
retribution restitution rehabilitation |
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How does punishment curb future criminality |
specific deterrence general deterrence incarceration satisfies need for revenge just deserts are morally sound |
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compstat |
a system of police management pioneered by the new york police department during the mid 90's that closely monitors victimization patterns and statistical performance indicators and holds precints commanders accountable for any failure to address problems in their jurisdiction |
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misprision of a felony |
the failure of witnesses to report certain kinds of offenses, especially the abuse of a child, or an elderly person, is a misdemeanor in many jurisdictions. |
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second wound |
after the first injury inflicted by the criminal, victims are particularly susceptible. if officers unwittingly make them feel worse by being dismissive or callous, they will feel rejected and betrayed by those they counted on for support. |
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burnout |
physical and emotional exhaustion caused by stress. |
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unfounding |
a process in which the police reject a persons claim about being harmed by a criminal as unbelievable or at least unprovable in court. |
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defounding |
detectives believe an offense really did take place, but it was not as serious as the complainant described. |
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clearance rates |
the percentage of reported incidents of a particular category of crime, which the police consider to be solved because they have arrested at least one suspect. |
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criminal justice system response to victims |
not all people feel safe and victims still suffer a functional crj system should be first line of defense vs crime. failures in system response should be topic for discussion, analysis, reform. conflict perspective: not all victims are created equal, some crj practices serve interests of crj officials not the victim or community. |
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what do crime victims want |
a sense of empowerment to feel like they matter not be a passive recipient want to restore their dignity and self worth to hold offender accountable |
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relationship between victims and police |
police are first responders: their responses shape the victims perspective of criminal justice system victims are most direct, immediate consumers of police services: their opinions can influence police community relations. police cannot satisfy victim expectations. police should meet and confer with victims police need more community outreach need to do a better job with victims. |
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reporting incidents to police |
police want and need victims to report crimes a victim who does not report could be seen as endangering others a crime is a wrong against society there are variations in reporting rates. people report to prevent future violence, stop the offender, protect others, not so much to punish. |
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compounding a felony |
victim or witness takes money or has accepted something of value from the perpetrator in exchange for not reporting |
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factors that may encourage reporting |
user friendly departments with good public community relations. streamlined calling system and complaint filing process helps law enforcement providing psychiatric support and referrals to counseling or alternative housing for victims of sexual assault or domestic violence. if cops cared more, people would report more police community relations good. |
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interviewing the victim |
seeking senstivity, respect, consolation, and compassion, not cold detachment and skepticism. law enforcement need to avoid inflicting second wound. law enforcement must give victim time and listen to victim counts without bias or prejudgment. challenging when some victims file false reports or claims to commit insurance fraud |
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risk of two possible errors |
believe and follow up on false complaint disbelieve complaints that were actually true. |
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reasons/incentives for unfounding of cases |
pressures from compstat crime analysis and expectation that precinct commanders will reduce crime may lead to dismissal of complaints little administrative monitoring of middle managment decisions to unfound or dismiss cases. understaffed departments cannot keep pace with complaints feel pressure to reduce workload big city departments with history of unfounding cases rape cases, theft cases involving small amounts of money, where victim and assailant knew each other, where victim was difficult to contact, refused to follow up medical exams or second interviews...typically unfounded. |
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clearance rates |
solved by arrest solved by extraordinary means such as a dead suspect, outside jurisdiction, victim refuses to cooperate. tied to crimes not suspects are measures of police performance, not overall system efficiency. does not guarantee prosecution or conviction. |
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victim measures of police performance |
arrest, trial and conviction offenders removed from society and placed behind bars offender held accountable for harm done to victim victim recovered stolen property most victims dissatisfied. |
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information to victims about case progress |
victims do not need to be advised of their rights victims should learn the case ID number, badge numbers of officers taking complaint and detectives investigating, phone numbers and locations to contact officers involved, case status: arrest made, suspect in custody or in jail. can generally not get judges to compel police to make arrest or continue investigating. citizen arrest varies by state and option limited to crimes committed in citizens presence. |
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progress toward victim oriented police departments |
true commitment to community policing by department regular community forums for opportunities for dialogue. streamline and asssit victims with complaint process. administer customer or citizen satisfaction surveys on regular basis to assess performance meaningful review of citizen complaints regular updates to victims about case progress provide same level of response as is given to officers or their families who are crime victims. |
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victims of juveniles |
victims have less input, receive less information, and get less satisfaction in terms of restitution or sense of vindication. 1/4 of states (15) juvenile proceedings closed to public. 21 states have proceedings open with restrictions. some states close juvenile records states allow expungement of juvenile records. |
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move to development of victims rights |
survivorology unigue remedies fashioned by concerned criminal justice officials in positions of authority. state courts and USSC case decisions state constitutional amendments state and federal laws. creation of state and federal offices for victims of crime. state victims rights advocates or victims bill of rights. establishment of victim advocate programs updates on case progress protection from physical injury, harm or threats. creation of victim compensation programs. victims voice laws restitution and sentencing notification of offender release |
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approaches to achieving victims rights |
its a zero sum game: gains made by one party comes at the expense of losses experienced by the other party. means by which victims can secure greater rights at expense of offender: deny bail, relax rules of evidence, require incarceration for violent crimes, limit defenses available. at expense of social and criminal justice system: payment for both economic losses as well as physical injury or death, expand leave time from work for victims suffering trauma or requiring counseling, restrict plea bargaining or allow victim input at plea bargaining. at expense of offender, system or both: give victim participatory role in trial process, ensure that victims are fully advisesd of their rights, victim interest must always be factor in sentencing, provide victims with not only advocate by also legal assistance. |
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prosecutor and victim |
prosecutors represent the community what can prosecutors do for victims: keep victims informed of case status inform court about victim wishes or concerns protect victims from intimidation or harassment by defendant try to resolve cases quickly aid victims in property recovery in conflicts between state interest and priorities and victim, victim typically loses. |
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emergence of victims witness advocate programs |
national association of district attorneys began in 1970's in california, illinois, utah, connecticut, kentucky, las angeles, pennsylvania, and new york. all states have today, mostly staffed by one person. what they do: increase cooperation between victims, witnesses, and state good public community relations for prosecutors office restore public confidence in justice system get victims access to emergency shelter and mental health services regular updates on hearing schedules and last minute adjournaments help victims with transportation and access to court proceedings and child care so victims can attend. special waiting areas for state witnesses. victim eligibility for victim compensation: aid in filling out forms intercession with victim employers for missed work while attending court. |
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info about victim intimidation |
NCVS data indicates it is less frequent than might be suspected. 10% of rape victims, less in property crime. |
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steps prosecutors can take to protect victims |
request high bail or denial of bail restraining order, relief from abuse or stalking orders order police protection bring obstruction of justice charges |
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dropping and dismissing cases: plea bargaining |
victims often feel betrayed by this prosecutors consider: strength of evidence seriousness of charge prior record of accused v iolation of restraining order can plea lead to convictions of superiors in criminal organization community and offender needs officer resources and priorities alternqative paths of prosecution: concurrent jurisdiction cases. alternatives for victim: special prosecutor, return to private prosecution. |
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the nature of plea bargaining |
takes a variety of forms: count bargains, charge bargains, sentence bargains, it is pragmatic, it saves time, resources, ensures conviction and state punishment or supervision of offender and eliminates trial uncertainties. considerations or concessions are necessary: provides incentive for defendants to waive trial rights and plead guilty victims see it as too lenient: but for most serious crimes, penalties are consistent going rate and likely sentence if case went to trial bedsheeting or overcharging as prosecution strategies. |
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other criminal justice system actors and victim |
defnese counsel: delay and challenges to credibility judges: bail, approval of pleas, excess leniency, juries: voir dire corrections: notifications. |
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Karmens suggestions for victim centered justice |
eliminate differential treatment of victims due to race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, prior history and respectability. create parallel justice process: victims rights as important as defendants victims deserve from society: to help them heal restore a sense ofsecurity or safety protect them from future crimes reintegrate back into life experienced prior to crime. |
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possible methods or strategies to achieve parallel justice system |
post adjudication conferences case managers to provide post crime assistance ombudsman: |
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vitimization rates |
realistic assessments of threat levels that criminal activities pose to a particular individual or group. or a threat in a given area. |
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patterns |
can reflect predictable relationship or regular occurences that show up during an analysis of the data year after year |
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statistical trends |
demonstrate how situations have changed over the years. |
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planning purposes |
to predict the workload |
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statistical profiles |
can be assembled to yield an impression of what is usual or typical about victims in terms of their characteristics. |
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what do statistics tell us |
reveal important information official statistics compiled and distributed by government agencies. victimization rates patterns trends costs and losses imposed by criminal behavior planning purposes evaluate policies statistical profiles prevelence geogrphy of victimization weapons that were used victim behavior satisfaction with outcome. |
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hate crime statistics act of 1990 |
authorized by congress amended twice in 1994 and 1997 to collect new data on crimes vs mentally and physically disabled. added to UCR reporting system since 1996 FBI also collects data on church arsons. |
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definition of hate crime |
a criminal offense committed against a person, property, or society that is motivated in whole or in part, by the offenders bias against victims race, religion, disability, sexual orientation or ethnicity or national origin. |
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campus crime and security act of 1990 |
requires college and university campuses across US to submit information about criminal activity on campus life. |
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Uniform crime report |
collected by FBI since 1930 based on crimes that are reported or known to police provided by participating law enforcement agencies. 97% participations. summary data with information expressed as crime rate. established in 1927 divided by type of crime |
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types of crime part I index crimes |
murder forcible rape robbery aggravated assault burgulary larceny motor vehicle theft arson (added in 1979) this is the crime index. |
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types of crime part II crimes |
21 assorted offenses some cause injuries to individuals UCR publishes separate data on hate crimes and officer killed on duty. under reporting is a problem no information about complainant except for murder victims combines attempted and completed crimes. |
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UCR relevant information |
compiles information about number of incidents reported to police the total estimated losses in billions of dollars due to property crime proportion of solved cases some characteristics of the guilty party no information about victims. counts incidents directed against all kinds of targets, adding together all crimes observes the hierarchy rule. observes hotel rule: if mutiple burglaries occur in hotel and are reported to law enforcement by the hotel manager it is counted as one burglary,. collects weapon information only on murder, robbery and aggravated assault. little control over agency reporting practices police effectiveness traditionally measured y clearance rates few details gathered by UCR about criminal event. |
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national crime victimization survey |
collected by census bureau in cooperation with BJS since 1972. semi annual survey of 76,000 randomly selected households over 3 yr period. a 20 page survey number of violent and property crimes extent of physical injury and financial losses location and time of incidents age, sex, race, ethnicity, mental status, income level, place of residence. perceptions of the perpetrators. weapons used self protective measures taken relationships with offender focuses on crimes of violence focus on theft pickpocketing and larceny burgulary, larceny, motor vehcile theft. 2013/ 160,000 individuals in 90,000 households. reports 2 times the amount of crime more details about geography of incident victims asked to evaluate cjs response to crime measures only 6 crimes can have telescoping memory decay falsification confusion over terms precipitation or provocation not reported. 76,000 households covers past 6 months measures larceny/theft burglary aggravated assault motor vehicle theft robbery rape |
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National incident based reporting system |
began in 1988. slated to eventually replace UCR data collected by FBI based on detailed information forwarded by cooperating federal state and local law enforcement. no hierarchy rule 46 group A offenses derived from 22 categories of crime victim oriented data for simple assault vandalism blackmail fraud forcible sex crimes non forcible sex crimes kidnapping nonpunishable justifiable homicides approximately 6300 law enforcement agencies now participate in 33 states. 15 states including vt use as sole reporting method. 8 index crimes, and 38 other offenses in 22 categories records all criminal incidents occurring in criminal event, as well as collecting data on relationship linkages between victims and offenders. collects weapon data on attempts and completed crimes expanded definitions of assault and sexual assault. distinguishes between attempted and completed crimes more crimes measured expanded data on arrests. |
