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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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crime
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breaking the law; punishable by fines, jail, formal sanctions
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deviance
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behavior, belief, condition that violates social norms
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3 main forms of deviance
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behavioral
belief conditional |
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What defines deviance?
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situation, it can be relative, varies in seriousness, age, culture, religion
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Social Control (part one)
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the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity and discourage deviance
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Social Control (part two)
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can be internal controls (socialization) or external controls (sanctions)
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Functionalist Perspecitve of Deviance
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deviance is natural and inevitable in all societies
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Anomie serves three functions
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clarifies rules, unites group, promotes social change
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Strain Theory
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people feel strained when they are exposed to cultural goals they are unable to attain ex. wealth-education
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Robert Merton
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5 ways people tend to adapt to cultural oals and the means of obtaining them
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5 ways people tend to adapt to cultural oals and the means of obtaining them
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conformity, innovation, rituralism, retreatism, rebellion
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conformity
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accepts means and goals
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innovation
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accepts goals not means
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ritualism
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accepts means not goals
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retreatism
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doesn't accept goals or means
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rebellion
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replace goals and means
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Oppurtunity Theory (part one)
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for deviance to occur people must have access to illegitimate oppurtunity structures
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Oppurtunity Theory (part two)
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these provide people an oppurtunity to acquire, illegitimately, what they cannot achieve legitimately
ex. gangs |
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Symbolic Interation Perspective
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differential association theory and differential reinforcement theory
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Differential association theory
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people will be more deviant if they hang aroung other who are
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Differential reinforcement theory
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people are deviant for the same reasons as people who conform
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Rational Choice Theory
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deviance occurs when people weigh the costs and benefits of deviant behavior and decide the benefits outweigh the costs
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Control Bond Theory
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people insulate themselves from deviance by inner(sense of responsibility) and outer (family) containments
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Social Bond Theory
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people are more likely to be deviant if they feel their ties to the society are weak and broken
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Labeling Theory
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Deviance is all about power relations, those with power decide what is deviant, the poor are more deviant
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Social Dynamite and Junk
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dynamite-dangerous
junk-useless |
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Deviance and Capitalism
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the rich commit crime b/c they are greedy, the poor commit crimes to survive
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Deviance and Capitalism (part two)
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laws and criminal justice support the wealthy, unequal distribution of resources lead to crime
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How the law classifies crime
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felonies and misdemeanors, UCR
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Uniform Crime Report
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compiled by FBI since 1930 focuses on the 8 major index ctimes
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8 major index crimes
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murder, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, car theft, arson, larceny
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Conventional Crime
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street crime- violent, property and moral crimes (victimless)
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Violent Crime
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uncommon, but seems to be everywhere b/c causes the most anxiety
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Occupational Crime
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"White Collar Crime"- committed by people in the course of their job
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Corporate Crime
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illegal acts committed by employees on behalf of the company and with it's support
ex. fraud, price fixing |
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Organized Crime
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a "business" that supplies illegal goods and services for a profit ex. drug trafficking, prostitution
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Political Crime
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illegal acts involving tha abuse of power by gov't officals to make a political statement
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Uniform Crime Report
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only reported crimes
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National Crime Victimization Survey
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anonymous self-report, much higher rates
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Most common arrest categories for men and women
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DUI, larceny, ua drinking, disorderly conduct, simple assault
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Men
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are much more likely to be victims of and arrested for the most criminal offenses
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Women
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report being more worried about crime
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Highest rates for index crimes
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13-25 with a peak at 16-18
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White and Latinos account for
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70% of index crime arrests
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African Americans
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arrested at higher rates for violent crimes
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Crime Victims, men vs. women
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men are more likely to be victims but women are more worried
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Elderly
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report being the most worried but the least likely to be victims
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African American and Latinos
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between the ages of (12-24) most likely of crime
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Robbery
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men are robbed more than women and the young more than the old
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Top 5 Global crimes
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drugs, weapons and nuclear material, smuggling, sale and trafficking of women and children, selling body parts
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Agression
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physical and verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
ex. hitting, punching, kicking, slapping |
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Hostile Aggression
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aggression driven by anger, goal to injure
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Instrumental aggression
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aggression that serves a bigger purpose, hurting a hostage to show the police you mean business
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Aggression is instinctual
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it is innate, unlearned and demonstrated by each member of a species, every1 is aggressive no explan. for environ, cues
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Evolutionary perspective
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aggression can be adaptive as it promotes survival of the fittest, passing of genes, means of getting more
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Neural Influences
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specific areas of the brain can influence it, amygdala stimulates it, a less active prefrontal cortex
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Genetic Influences
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some people are born more aggressive than others
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Biochemical Influences
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less aggressive when drinking, lower inhibitions and self awareness, high testos., low serotonin
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Frustration-Aggression Theory
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frustration=aggression, higher motiva.=higher frus.
closer to goal= high frus. |
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Frustration leads to
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Aggression when we perceive the blockage as unjustifiable, you can't do it cause i said you can't
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Aggression: A learned behavior
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positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, social learning theory
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Four steps to learning via observation
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pay attention to model, process and remember behavior, be able to perform the behavior, repeat it
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Aggressive models: family
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use corporal punishment
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Aggressive models: subculture
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environment, role of ethnicity
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Aggressive models:Media
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act more aggressive when view aggressive behavior
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Aggressive models
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the aggressive person is viewed favorably, the violence is justified, the victim isn't hurt, the aggressor isn't punished
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Violent programs on behavior
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cause one to feel aroused behavior, disinhibits- if others act violently i can too, imitation
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Television's affects on cognition
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desensitization, cartoons, adults who watch more crime t.v. are more scared
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social contagion
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group effect where aggression breeds higher leavels of aggressiveness components: deindividuation
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Catharis hypothesis
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pent up aggression should be released in a controlled way
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When possible reward nonaggressive behavior
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explain why rewarding, ignore aggressive behavior, no punishment, model nonaggressiveness, educate children by explaining agg. acts
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Television
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not realistic, occur more frequently than in life, explain unrealisticality, discuss why agg. is not good
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aggression is more likely to occur when
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males are involved, naturall aggressive, alcohol, viewing violence, anonymity, provacation, weapons,groups
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Group influences 2
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group-fed arousal and group polarization
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