Crime And Deviance

Front 1

Deviance

Back 1

actions which deviate from the norms and values of society

Front 2

Crime

Back 2

a form of deviance that breaks the law

Front 3

Secret/private deviance

Back 3

deviance conducted in private which is often concealed from wider society

Front 4

Open/public deviance

Back 4

deviance conduced in public which is not concealed from wider society

Front 5

Individual deviance

Back 5

the deviant behaviour of an individual

Front 6

Collective deviance

Back 6

the deviant behaviour of a group of people

Front 7

Societal deviance

Back 7

behaviour which is seen as deviant by most members of society

Front 8

Situational deviance

Back 8

behaviour which may be seen as deviant in one situation but not another

Front 9

Social control

Back 9

methods of controlling peoples behaviour encouraging them to conform to societys norms and values and discouraging deviant and criminal behaviour

Front 10

Formal methods of social control

Back 10

institutions specifically set up to enforce social control, especially those which create and enforce the law (e.g. police)

Front 11

Informal methods of social control

Back 11

institutions and groups which are not directly concerned with enforcing social control yet still play an important part in controlling the behaviour of others (e.g. family, peer group)

Front 12

Anomie

Back 12

a state of normlessness

where norms no longer direct behaviour

Front 13

Collective conscience

Back 13

a term used by Durkheim to describe the core, shared values of society

Front 14

Status frustration

Back 14

dissatisfaction and frustration with the status and respect given by others

Front 15

Subculture

Back 15

distinctive norms and values shared by a group within society. these norms and values differ from those of mainstream culture

Front 16

Relative deprivation

Back 16

the way so-called deprivation is seen or perceived by those experiencing it. this is usually done by comparing their situation to others

Front 17

Techniques of neutralisation

Back 17

techniques which neutralise the blame for actions which are defined as wrong or unacceptable by society's norms and values

Front 18

Subterranean values

Back 18

values which are only expressed in particular situations

Front 19

Police recorded crime

Back 19

crimes recorded by the police from which official statistics on crime are drawn

Front 20

Victim study/survey

Back 20

a study of the victims of crime, usually asking people to report the crimes that have been committed against them, or any other member of the household, during the previous year

Front 21

British crime survey

Back 21

annual victimisation survey carried out by the home office

Front 22

Self-report study

Back 22

a survey which respondents report on the offences they have committed over a period of time

Front 23

Report victimisation

Back 23

where people are victims of the same crime more than once

Front 24

Tipping

Back 24

the process by which an area moves from predominately law-abiding to predominately accepting antisocial behaviour

Front 25

White-collar crime

Back 25

the crimes of people in white-collar occupations, includes occupational crime and corporate crime

Front 26

Occupational crime

Back 26

crimes committed by employees at the expense of the organisation

Front 27

Corporate crime

Back 27

crimes committed on behalf of and for the benefit of the organisation

Front 28

State crime

Back 28

crime committed by the state of by agencies of the state on behalf of the state

Front 29

Transnational crime

Back 29

criminal activity that crosses national boundaries

Front 30

Glocal system

Back 30

where a group operates at both local and global levels

Front 31

Primary deviance

Back 31

deviant acts which have not been publicly labelled

Front 32

Secondary deviance

Back 32

acts which have been publicly labelled as deviant and the deviance that is generated by this label

Front 33

Societal reaction

Back 33

the reaction of others to an individual

in the case of crime, the reaction of others to someone labelled a deviant

Front 34

Master status

Back 34

a status which overrides all other statuses and is most important, the status in terms of which a person is seen as by others (e.g. criminal)

Front 35

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 35

a prophecy which comes to pass simply because it is made, the prophecy therefore fulfills itself

Front 36

Delinquency

Back 36

the criminal behaviour of young people

Front 37

Moral panic

Back 37

outrage stirred up by the media about a particular group or issue

Front 38

Deviancy amplification

Back 38

a process in which deviance is increased by societal reaction particularly due to media response

Front 39

Folk devils

Back 39

groups associated with moral panics who are seen as trouble makers by the media

Front 40

Multi-agency intervention

Back 40

a number of agencies cooperating to focus on the solution to a problem

Front 41

Altruistic suicide

Back 41

suicide that occurs when individuals are so strongly integrated into society that they take their own lives out of sense of duty

Front 42

Fatalistic suicide

Back 42

suicide that occurs when individuals are so strongly regulated that they can see no way out of their situation other than suicide

Front 43

Egoistic suicide

Back 43

suicide that occurs when there is little integration in society, when the ties that bind individuals into social groups are very weak

Front 44

Anomic suicide

Back 44

suicide that results from a lack of regulation of peoples desires and expectations

Front 45

Social cohesion

Back 45

the extent to which a society is held together by shared culture and norms

Front 46

Social integration

Back 46

the extent to which people feel they 'belong' to a society or social group

Front 47

Hegemony

Back 47

the ideas and values of the ruling class that dominate thinking in society

Front 48

Institutional racism

Back 48

racism that is built into the normal practices of an organisation

Front 49

Macpherson inquiry

Back 49

Sir William Macpherson led an inquiry into the events surrounding the murder of Stephen Lawrence by white racists and the subsequent police investigation of this murder

Front 50

Marginalised

Back 50

those who are pushed to the edge, or margins, of society in cultural economic or status terms

Front 51

Non-utilitarian crime

Back 51

crime which is not directed to monetary gain e.g. vandalism

Front 52

Illegitimate opportunity structure

Back 52

a structure which provides illegal opportunities for monetary gain

Front 53

Immediate gratification

Back 53

the immediate satisfaction of wants and desires

Front 54

Target hardening

Back 54

reducing the physical opportunities for offending by 'hardening' the targets of crime e.g. more secure buildings

Front 55

Surveillance

Back 55

close observation, particularly of suspected persons

Front 56

Incapacitation

Back 56

making someone incapable of doing something. in crime, using imprisonment to prevent offenders from committing crimes during their length of stay

Front 57

Deterrence

Back 57

discouraging or preventing a person from doing something for fear of the consequences e.g. using prison as a deterrent for law breaking

Front 58

Rehabilitation

Back 58

restoring someone to normal life e.g. restoring offenders to law-abiding citizens

Front 59

Chivalry thesis

Back 59

term used to suggest that the criminal justice system may treat women more leniently than men

Front 60

Green crime

Back 60

illegal acts that damage the environment

Front 61

Night-time economy

Back 61

a leisure industry has developed at night in certain parts of the inner cities, providing the location of many offences

Front 62

Cyber crime

Back 62

illegal acts using the internet

Front 63

Genocide

Back 63

mass killing

Front 64

Zone of transition

Back 64

an area with a shifting population - people moving in or out