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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are Unobtrusive Methods? |
Data gathering Techniques that do not involve direct interaction
E.g. digging through people's trash |
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What are two primary types of Unobtrusive Methods? |
Archival methods Physical Trace |
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What are Archival Methods? |
Information contained in Hard Copy Records or Documents |
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What is Physical Trace? |
Physical deposits
That may be collected and analyzed
To understand current and past selves |
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What are primary characteristics of Unobtrusive Methods? |
Non reactive
Address demand characteristics and expectancy effect
Anonymous: more likely to admits undesirable Behavior
Actual behaviour rather than self-reported behaviour |
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What are different data sources? |
Captured data: variation of simple observation Retrieve data: archives and records Found data: includes both erosion and accretion measures |
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What are Important Considerations of Unobtrusive Methods? |
SELECTIVE DEPOSIT
SELECTIVE SURVIVAL |
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What is SELECTIVE DEPOSIT? |
Only a select few have access to knowledge production and creation of historical records |
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What is SELECTIVE SURVIVAL? |
Things that are recorded must survive the test of time
Some are more equipped and therefore more likely to survive
Physically won't be destroyed |
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What is Archival Research? |
Inspection of historical evidence
How society progressed
Researchers make sense of the social process that change these phenomena |
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What are advantages to Archival Research/Measures? |
Anonymous and inexpensive
Analyze data throughout time (longitudinal analysis) |
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What are limitations to Archival Research/Measures? |
Limited to what is left
Different records may make a difference
Influence of context of production (times of War vs times of peace) |
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What is Quantitative Content Analysis? |
Examine statements and signs as raw material that are summarized
Manifest content (something we can observe) |
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What is Qualitative Content Analysis? |
Reconstruction of texts
Seeks different interpretations or multiple connotations
Latent content (the purpose and interpretation) |
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What are advantages to Content Analysis? |
Study processes overtime
May reflect changes in society
Data that is complex and detailed allows for more complete analysis
Non reactive |
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What are limitations to Content Analysis? |
Limited by what is already recorded
Cannot test for causal relationships between variables
Cannot know effect of content on people |
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What are key considerations of Content Analysis? |
Underlining themes that emerge How content is presented How presentation might influence viewers How analysis can be contextualized in broader literature |
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What are sources of Physical Trace Data? |
Erosion* Accretion* |
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What is Erosion? |
Wearing away or removal of products or material
Due to our Physical Presence or Activity
E.g. floor tiles and wearing patterns of books |
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What is Accretion? |
The building up of products or materials Due to our physical presence or activity
E.g. garbage and graffiti |
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What are advantages to Physical Trace? |
Adaptability: allows access to Hidden population
Safety |
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What are limitations of Physical Trace? |
Data sources may be distorted by intervening variables
Interpretation may miss necessary intimate knowledge (context of production)
Selective deposit and survival apply
Best seen as complementary measure |
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What is the Test Theory use of statistics? |
O = T + e (O) every observed score (reported crime) (T) the true score (actual number of crimes) (e) degree of error |
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What are considerations when constructing statistics? |
Unit of count Level of aggregation Definitions Data elements Counting procedures |
C.U.D.D.L |
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What is Unit Of Count? |
What is being counted E.g suspect, charges, calls for service, number of prisoners |
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What are Levels of Aggregation? |
How data is combined E.g. local areas, City, province, National |
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What are definitions? |
How to define what is being counted E.g. is someone on remand an inmate |
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What is Data Elements? |
What specific information should be collected E.g. type of information, level of detail |
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What is Counting Procedures? |
How to count units and elements E.g. is assaulting three people in same attack one or three crimes |
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What are the six steps of Crime Data Construction? |
A crime occurs (a "true" score)
Perceived as a crime by someone
Victim or witness determines to call the police
Police decide to respond
Police write up a report
If all of the above criteria is met the event becomes a crime statistic |
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What are criticisms of the construction of crime data? |
Policy shifts in recording practices
Subjectively accounted for
Crime statistics are social constructions (reliability and validity subject to critique) |
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What are advantages of the construction of crime data? |
Comparison of crime statistics are possible
Must treat crime data like all other data (social products) |
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What is the Canadian uniform crime reports (UCR data)? |
National source of all crime data |
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What are concerns with the UCR data? |
Seriousness rule (only most serious crime reported, in multi offence event)
Categories to General (theif and attempt theft are in same category)
Debate over what counts
Personal and property crimes (doesn't capture the true crime statistics) |
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What are other techniques that supplement official crime data? |
Victimization surveys Self-report surveys |
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What are two primary concerns of Victimization Surveys? |
Memory fade (forget stuff) Telescoping (propensity to bring an events that happen outside the time frame) |
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According to victimization surveys, what are 7 reasons for not reporting crime to police? |
Too minor or nothing taken Didn't think police could help Reporting is inconvenient Reported to another official Considered a personal matter Protect offender Feared Revenge |
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What are Self-Report Studies? |
Survey people of a criminal or delinquent acts they have committed |
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