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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is biological theory? |
The basic determinants of human behavior Are constitutionally or physiologically based and often inherited |
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What are the first 4 of the 8 major principles of biological theories? |
The brain is the organ of the Mind and the locus of personality
Basic determinants of behavior are genetically based to a considerable degree
Behavior may be passed from generation to generation
Gender and racial differences in the levels and types of crime may be partially result of biological differences |
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What are the last four of the eight major principles of biological theories? |
Human conduct is fundamentally rooted in instinctive behavioral responses
Biological routes of human conduct have become more distinguished
Some people maybe further along the evolutionary ladder than others, behaviour may reflect that fact
The mesh between heredity, biology, and the social environment provides the center of any realistic consideration of criminal causation |
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What are early biological theories? |
The brain is the organ of the Mind
Particular aspects of Personality are associated with specific parts in the brain
Criminal anthropology
Phrenology |
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What is criminal anthropology? |
Study of the relationship between human physical characteristics and criminality |
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What is phrenology? |
The study of head shape to determine anatomical correlates of human behavior |
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What is phrenology? |
The study of head shape to determine anatomical correlates of human behavior |
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What is atavism? |
A term used by Caesar Lombroso (positive school) To suggest that criminals are physiologically Throwbacks to earlier stages of human evolution |
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What is positivism? |
The application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminals |
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What are 3 biological roots of criminal Behavior? |
Body type (somatotypes) Chemical and environmental precursors Hormones |
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What are the four somatotypes and their description? |
Endomorph: round and soft, sociable, likes eating
Mesomorph: muscular, adventurous, competitive
Ectomorph: thin and fragile, restrained, introverted
Balanced: some mixture |
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What are four chemical and environmental contributors to Behavior? |
Blood sugar levels (Hypoglycemia: low blood sugar levels)
Allergies
Vitamin deficiencies
Environmental pollution |
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What 2 hormones are claimed to affect criminality? |
Testosterone: linked to aggression
Serotonin: decreases in female brain in PMS explains agitation and irritability |
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What are criminal families? |
Families that appear to exhibit criminality through several Generations |
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What are 5 characteristics of the XYY Supermale? |
Taller than average Acne and other skin disorders Below-average intelligence Over-rep in prison and Mental Hospitals Family with above-average history of crime or mental illness |
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What are fraternal twins? |
Dizygotic twins
Develop from separate egg
Carry the genetic material shared by siblings |
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What are identical twins? |
Monozygotic twins
Develop from same egg
Carry virtually the same genetic material |
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What are male-female differences in criminality? |
Testosterone increase of violence and aggression Gap between male and female crime rates narrowing Genetically-based behavioral differences between male and females overshadowed by socialization |
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What is sociobiology and its characteristics? |
The study of the biological basis of all social behavior
Territorial of locations, possessions, and other people
Intra-group violence and between groups violence |
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What are 4 criticisms of sociobiology? |
Doesn't consider significance of culture, social learning, and individual experience
No real evidence of genetically-based tendencies
Labeling and stigmatization of despised, threatening, and Powerless minorities
No basis for the applying findings from animal studies to humans |
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What are the policy implacations of solely depending on biological theories of crime? |
Abortion of defective fetuses
Capital punishment instead of Rehabilitation
Sterilization |
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What are 5 critiques of biological theories? |
Few studies adequately conceptualize criminality
Twin studies failed to establish if they're identical or fraternal
Problems estimating the degree of criminality
Problems with the method in evaluating the role of genetics in crime
Results of other countries may not be applicable to the country in question |
