Crim 330 Final😱

Front 1

Research that attempts to define, describe, or count observed social phenomena.

- this type of researcher seeks to answer questions such as who? What? Where? When? How many?

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Descriptive research

Front 2

This type of research seeks to find out:

- how people get along and specific settings and situations

-meanings behind peoples actions

-what issues concern people

Goal is to answer what is going on? Often involves qualitative methods often for questions that we don't yet know much about.

Back 2

Exploratory research

Front 3

This type of research seeks to identify the potential causes related to an effect behind social phenomenal.

For example did juveniles become delinquent because of gang membership? •What makes youth in the child welfare system or vulnerable to sex trafficking?

Also attempts to protect how one phenomenon will change or very in response to variation in another phenomenon for example

• if unemployment rates increase will crimes rates increase?

Back 3

Explanatory research

Front 4

Seeks to determine the effects of social programs or other types of intervention.

considers the implementation and outcomes of Social policies, programs, interventions, and treatments.

EX'S:

● does a a work?

●What is the impact of the incarceration on public safety?

Back 4

Evaluation research

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Begins with a general idea(theory) and move towards specific reality (data)

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Deductive reasoning

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Begins with specific reality and move towards a general idea.

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Inductive reasoning

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●Two comparison groups an experimental and Control.

● random assignment to the two or more comparison groups

● posttest and pretest

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True experiments

Front 8

▪Do not use random assignment

▪have less explanatory power

▪more problems with validity

▪three major types

- non equivalent control group

-before & after

-ex post facto control group

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Quasi-experimental design

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Control an experimental groups are not selected through random assignment, they are considered nonequivalent.

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Nonequivalent group design

Front 10

••No comparison group

••often used when all people in population receive intervention.

●for example new law is passed.

Back 10

B4 & after

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After the fact. For example:

■ 2 sisters are given lectures about not dropping out of school at different ages.

Back 11

Ex post facto

Front 12

Exists when conclusion that A leads to or results in B is correct

Back 12

Casual validity also known as internal validity

Front 13

People may change because more attention is being paid to them.

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Hawthorne effect

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Exist when a conclusion based on a sample, or subset, of a larger population holds true for that population.

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Sample generalizability

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Exists when finding about one group, population, or setting hold true for other groups, populations, or settings.

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Cross population generalizability aka external validity

Front 16

Exists when the understanding of a social process or social setting is one that reflects fairly the various perspective of participants in that setting.

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Authenticity

Front 17

Exists when a measure actually measures what we think it does.

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Measurement validity

Front 18

A type of longitudinal study in which data are collected from the same individuals- the panels- at 2 or more points in time.

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Fixed sample

Front 19

Do you disagree that they're should not be a death penalty?

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Double negatives

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Do you think the prison system should stop releasing inmates for weekend furloughs and concentrate on rehabilitating criminals?

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Double barreled questions

Front 21

This type of data is mostly written or spoken words, or observations that do not have a direct numerical interpretation

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Qualitative methods

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Data that is either treated in numbers or attributes that can be ordered in terms of magnitude.

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Quantitative methods

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Develop sustained relationship with people while they go about their normal activities.

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Participant observation

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Interviewer seeks in depth information on the interviewees feelings, experiences, and perception.

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Intensive interviewing

Front 25

Unstructured group interview usually centered around specific topic of interest to the study.

-qualitative

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Focus groups

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Attempting to become a part of a group of people in order to study and understand them.

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Ethnography

Front 27

Hello I am a researcher tell me you why do you participate in these activities?

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Complete Observer

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Hello I am a researcher and an activist. Tell me why do you participate in these activities?

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Participant and Observer

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Researchers operates as fully functioning member of the group or social setting.

Most ppl are not aware that they are being studied.

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Covert participation

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Researcher becomes so wrapped up in role that adopt not only outward trappinhs (clothing) but also ideas and views of people being studied.

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"Going native"

Front 31

Primary method of recording participant observation data.

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Field notes

Front 32

A method for analyzing and identifying themes in qualitative data.

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Thematic analysis

Front 33

Involves generating labels for important features of the data.

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Coding

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A theme is coherent and meaningful pattern in the data relevant to the research question.

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Searching for themes

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Involves checking that the themes "work" in relation to both the coded extracts and the full data-set.

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Reviewing themes

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Write-up involves weaving together the analytic narrative and (vivid) data extracts to tell the reader a coherent and persuasive story about the data.

Back 36

Writing up

Front 37

Exists when a conclusion based on a sample or subset of the larger population holds true for that population.

Back 37

Sample generalizability

Front 38

Exists when findings about one group, population, or setting hold true for other groups, populations, or settings.

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Cross population generalizability

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A sample that looks like the population from which it was selected in all respects that are potentially relevant in the study. The distribution of characteristics among the elements of a representative sample is the same as in the total population.

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Representative sample

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A sample in which some characteristics are over or underrepresented and sampling error emerges.

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Unrepresentative sample

Front 41

Cases are chsen based on chance. Every element has an equal opportunity of being selected.

For ex: flipping of coin

Back 41

Simple random sampling

Front 42

A method of sampling in which sample elements are selected from a list or from sequential files, with every nth element being selected after the first element is selected randomly within the first Interval.

Ex: sample population of 888 and you need 111. Divide both and you get 8. So now you choose every 8th person until you get 111 from the 888 population.

Back 42

Systematic random sampling

Front 43

1.) Distinguish all elements in the population according to their value on some relavent characteristics ( police officer rank for instance; captains, lieutenants, sergeants, Patrol officer etc.)

2.) sample element randomly from w/in each strata (layer, level) Ex: 25 captains 25 sergeant set cetera

Back 43

Stratified random sampling

Front 44

You create sampling strata based on a characteristic of interest for example etnicity, and randomly select cases from each group, in exactly the same proportion.

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Proportion stratified sampling

Front 45

The proportion of each group that is included in the sample is intentionally varies from what it is in the population.

In a sample of 10,000 you have 7,000 whites; 1,500 blacks; 1,000 hispanics; 500 asians. Here one might select 25% from each ethnic group.

Back 45

Dispropotionate stratified sampling

Front 46

Naturally occurring, mixed group of elements of the population. For example :

-Prisons are clusters for sampling inmates.

-schools are clusters for sampling students.

Back 46

Cluster sampling also called multi stage clusters sampling bcux/... *refer to picture.

Front 47

Each member of population has unequal probability of selection. Done in exploratory study.

Back 47

Nonprobability sampling

Front 48

Elements are selected bc they are available or easy to find.

Ex/* interviewing ppl on street corner, surveying students in classroom etc.

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Availability Sampling

Front 49

Set to ensure that the sample represents certain characteristics in proportion to their prevalence in the population.

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Quota sampling

Front 50

Each sample element is selected for a purpose. May involve studying the entire population of some limited group aich as directors of shelters for homeless adults.

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Purposive sampling

Front 51

Useful for hard to reach or hard to identify population for which there is no population list, but the members of which are somewhat interconnected.

-drug dealers

-prostitutes

-gang leaders

-and other "hidden populations"

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Snowball sampling

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Units under study

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Units of analysis

Front 53

The cases about which measures are actually obtained in a sample.

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Units of observation

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Use data collected about a whole to describe its individual components.

Ex: crime-data based on postal code doesn't tell us about a person living there.

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Ecological fallacy

Front 55

Use single example to represent whole.

Ex: attitude from a jamba juice employee doesn't tell us about the whole team.

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Reductionist fallacy

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Belmont report principles

Front 57

The process of specifying what we mean by a term. For example :

■ what words do we associate w/ the concept substance abuse? *drug addiction *binge drinking etc.

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Conceptualization

Front 58

The clear definition of the term and indicators of the term.

For example : Bobo doll experiment

■ aggressive acts overtly displayed by a child

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Operationalization

Front 59

Identifies variables who's values have no mathematical interpretation

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Nominal level measures

Front 60

At this level, you specify only the order of the case, in "greater than" & "less than" distinctions. For example : min, max, medium security prisons.

Back 60

Ordinal level measures

Front 61

Numbers rep fixed measurement units but have no absolute zero point.

For example : 30 degrees is not twice as hot as 15 degrees. Ratios b/w #'s are not meaningful.

Back 61

Interval level measures

Front 62

Fixed measuring units w/ an absolute zero point.

Zero: absolutely no amount of whatever the variable reps.

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Ratio measures

Front 63

We can day that a measure is ____________ if it appears to measure the concept of interest.

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Face validity

Front 64

A measure has _____________ if it covers the full range of the concepts meaning.

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Content validity

Front 65

_______________is achieved when scores obtained on one measure can be accurately compared to those ontained with a more direct or already validated measure of the same phenomenon.

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Criterion validity

Front 66

Measurement validity can be established by showing that a measure is related to a variety of other measures as specified in a theory or other research studies.

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Construct validity

Front 67

________is achieved when a measure yields consistent scores or observations on different occasions.

Back 67

Reliability

Hint 67

Front 68

Integration or combination of quanitative and qualitative methods.

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Mixed methods

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Convergent parallel design

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Explanatory sequential design

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Exploratory sequential design

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Embedded design

Front 73

Needs assessment

evaluability assessment

process evaluation

impact/outcome evaluation

efficiency study

Back 73

5 types of evaluation for programs

Front 74

Provides visual and statistical analysis of the spatial nature of crime and other events.

Back 74

Crime mapping