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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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secondary data analysis |
analysis of data collected by someone other than the researcher |
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types of secondary data analysis |
historical events cross-cultural content analysis crime mapping |
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four major types of secondary data |
surveys official statistics official records historical document |
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Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research |
ICPSR; stores data for over 5000 sources for secondary data analysis |
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historical events research |
a cross-sectional style of research in which social events of only one time period in the past are studied |
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event-structure analysis |
a systematic method of developing a causal diagram showing the structure of action underlying some chronology of events |
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comparative research |
research comparing data from more than one time period and/or more than one nation |
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types of comparative research |
descriptive comparative research analytic comparative research |
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descriptive comparative research |
seeks to understand the structure, nature, or scope |
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analytic comparative research |
seeks to understand how things works |
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transnational research |
explores how cultures and nations deal with crime that transcends their borders |
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content analysis |
research method for systematically analyzing and making inferences from text |
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crime mapping |
geographical mapping strategies used to visualize a number of things |
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geographic information systems |
GIS; software tool use for crime mapping |
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functions of crime mapping |
provides visual and statistical analysis allows the linkage of crime data provides visual communications |
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ethical concerns for secondary analysis |
confidentiality of subjects remaining clear with process and gaps data quality |
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method of agreement |
method proposed by John Stuart Mill for establishing a causal relationship in which the values of cases that agree on an outcome variable also agree on the value of the variable hypothesized to have a causal effect |
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deterministic causal approach |
an approach in which there is a relationship between an independent and dependent variable and the independent variable has an effect on all DVs in every case under consideration |
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Applied research |
research that has an impact on policy and can be immediately utilized and applied |
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evidence-based policy |
a policy that has been evaluated with a methodologically rigorous design and has proven to be effective |
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evaluation research requirements |
utility feasibility accuracy propriety |
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propriety |
ethically |
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inputs |
resources, raw materials, clients and staff that go into a program |
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program process |
the complete treatment or service delivered by the program |
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outputs |
the services delivered or new products produced |
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outcomes |
the impact of the program on the cases processed |
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feedback |
information about service delivery system outputs, outcomes, or operations available to any program inputs |
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stakeholders |
individuals and groups who have some basis of concern with the program |
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judgement-oriented evaluation |
evaluations aimed at determining the overall merit, worth or value of something |
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improvement-oriented evaluation |
evaluations that seek to improve a program |
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knowledge-oriented evaluations |
used to influence thinking about issues in a general way |
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needs assessment |
a type of evaluation research that attempts to determine the needs of some population that might be met with a social program |
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evaluability assessment |
type of evaluation research conducted to determine whether it is feasible to evaluate a programs effects within the available time and resources |
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process evaluation |
evaluation research that investigates the process of service delivery |
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formative evaluation |
process evaluations that is used to shape and refine program operations |
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impact evaluation |
analysis of the extent to which a treatment or other service has the intended effect |
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efficiency analysis |
a type of evaluation research that compares program costs to program effects |
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cost-benefit analysis |
a type of evaluation research that compares program costs to the economic value of program benefits |
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cost-effectiveness analysis |
a type of evaluation research that compares program costs to actual program outcomes |
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black box evaluation |
type of evaluation occurs when an evaluation of program outcomes ignores, and does not identify the process by which the program produced the effect |
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program theory |
a descriptive or prescriptive model of ow a program operates and produces its effects |
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theory-driven evaluation |
a program evaluation that is guided by a theory that specifies the process by which the program has an effect |
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stakeholder approaches |
an orientation to evaluation research that expects researchers to be responsive primarily to the people involved with the program |
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social science approaches |
an orientation to evaluation research that expects researchers to emphasize the importance of researcher expertise and maintenance of autonomy from program stakeholders |
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integrative approaches |
an orientation to evaluation ressearch that expects researchers to respond to concerns of people involved with stakeholders as well as to the standards and goals of the social scientific community |
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mechanism |
a discernible process that creates a causal connection between two variables |
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nonequivalent control group design |
quasi; experimental and control groups present before treatment, but not created through random assignment |
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time series design |
quasi; many pretest/posttest of same group |
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one shot design |
a research design that measures the dependent variable after the treatment has been delivered for only those who receive the treatment |
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systematic review |
summary review about the impact of a program wherein the analyst attempts to account for differences across research designs and samples |
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Campbell collaboration |
group producing systematic reviews of programs and policies in many areas |
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basic science |
in contrast to applied research, the main motivation of basic science is to advance general knowledge and/or test theoretical propositions |
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types of mixed methods designs |
convergent parallel exploratory sequential embedded design transformative multiphase |
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convergent parallel design |
when quantitative and qualitative methods are implemented at the same time; findings interpreted together |
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exploratory sequential design |
the qualitative method is implemented first, followed by quantitative |
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transformative design |
theoretical perspective with a social justice focus to improve the well-being of vulnerable populations |
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embedded design |
primary method is qualitative or quantitative, but the other is implemented to gain insight |
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multiphase design |
involves a series of quantitative and qualitative, and each phases is used to inform the next |
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meta-analysis |
quantitative analysis of multiple studies |
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meta-synthesis |
qualitative analysis of multiple studies |
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effect size |
a standardized measure of association |
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frequency distributions |
numerical display showing the number of cases and usually the percentage of cases corresponding to each value or group of values of a variable |
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cross-tabluations |
a bivariate distribution, showing the distribution of one variable for each category of another variable |
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descriptive statistics |
statistics used to describe the distribution of and relationship among variables |
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inferential statistics |
mathematical tools for estimating how likely it is that a statistical result based on data from a random sample is representative of the population from which the sample was selected |
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data cleaning |
the process of checking data for errors after the data have been entered in a computer file |
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central tendency |
a feature of a variables distribution, referring to the value or values which cases tend to center |
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variability |
a feature of a variables distribution, referring to the extent to which cases are spread out through the distribution or clustered in just one location |
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skewness |
a feature of a variables distribution; refers to the extent to which cases are clustered more at one or the other end of the distribution rather than the middle |
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bar chart |
graphic for qualitative variables in which the variables distribution is displayed with sold bars |
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percentage |
relative frequencies |
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histogram |
a graphic for quantitative variables in which the variables distribution is displayed with adjacent bars |
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frequency polygon |
a graphic for quantitative variables in which a continuous line connects data points representing the variables distribution |
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base N |
the total number of cases in a distribution |
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grouped frequency distribution |
a frequency distribution in which the data are organized into categories |
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unimodal distribution |
a distribution of a variable in which there is only one value that is the most frequent |
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bimodal distribution |
a distribution that has two nonadjacent categories with about the same number of cases |
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outlier |
an exceptionally high or low value in a distribution |
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interquartile range |
the range in a distribution between the end of the first quartile and the beginning of the third quartile |
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quartiles |
the points in distribution corresponding to the first 25% of cases |
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variance |
a statistic that measures the variability of a distribution as the average squared deviation of each score from the mean of all scores |
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standard deviation |
the square root of the average squared deviation of each case from the mean |
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marginal distributions |
the summary distributions in the margins of a cross-tab that correspond to the frequency distribution of the row variable and the column variable |
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monotonic relationship |
a pattern of association in which the value of cases on one variable increases or decreases fairly regularly across the categories of another variable |
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measure of association |
a type of descriptive statistic that summarizes the strength of an association |
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gamma |
a measure of association sometimes used in a cross-tab |
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chi-square |
an inferential statistic used to test hypothesis about relationships between two or more variables in a cross-tab |
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statistical significance |
an association not likely to be due to chance |
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elaboration analysis |
the process of introducing a third variable into an analysis in order to better understand the relationship under consideration |
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subtables |
tables describing the relationship between two variables within the discrete categories of one or more controls |
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specification |
a type of relationship involving three or more variables in which the association between the independent and dependent variables varies across the categories of other controls |
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participatory action research |
a type of research in which the researcher involves some organization members as active participants; goal is making changes in the organization |
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reverse outlining |
outlining sections in an already written draft of a paper to improve its organization in the next draft |
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combined frequency display |
a table that presents together the distributions for a set of conceptually similar variables having the same response categories |
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compressed frequency display |
a table that presents cross-classification data efficiently by eliminating unnecessary percentages |
