Credit Test Cns

Front 1

Name 4 types of neurons in nervous system

Back 1

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Pseudounipolar

Front 2

Two parts of nervous system?

Back 2

Central NS
Peripheral NS

Front 3

Name the 3 brain vesicles

Back 3

Proencephalon = forebrain
Mesencephalon = Midbrain
Rhombencephalon = Brain stem

Front 4

Parts of pro encephalon (forebrain)

Back 4

Telencephalon - hemispheres
Diencephalon (+ optic nerve and retina)

Front 5

Parts of rhombencephalon (brain stem)

Back 5

Pons of Varol
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Spinal cord

Front 6

Brain vesicles in week 7-8?

Back 6

Proencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon:
- Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

Front 7

Cavities of CNS?

Back 7

4 brain ventricles
Mesencephalic aqueduct
Central canal of spinal cord

Front 8

1

Back 8

Frontal cortex

Front 9

2

Back 9

Olfactory bulbs

Front 10

3

Back 10

Periamygdaloid cortex

Front 11

4

Back 11

Optic chiasm

Front 12

5

Back 12

Lateral olfactory tract

Front 13

6

Back 13

Medial olfactory tract

Front 14

7

Back 14

Pituitary gland (not seen)

Front 15

8

Back 15

Mammillary bodies

Front 16

9

Back 16

Cerebral peduncles

Front 17

10

Back 17

Pons

Front 18

11

Back 18

Trapezoid body

Front 19

12

Back 19

Pyramidal tract

Front 20

13

Back 20

Olive

Front 21

14

Back 21

Olfactory nerve (not seen)

Front 22

15

Back 22

Optic nerve

Front 23

16

Back 23

Occulomotor nerve

Front 24

17

Back 24

Trochlear nerve

Front 25

18

Back 25

Trigeminal nerve

Front 26

19

Back 26

Abducens nerve

Front 27

20

Back 27

Facial nerve

Front 28

ventral side: 21

Back 28

Vestibulocochlear nerve (not seen)

Front 29

22

Back 29

Glossopharyngeal nerve (not seen)

Front 30

23

Back 30

Vagus nerve (not seen)

Front 31

24

Back 31

Spinal accessory nerve

Front 32

25

Back 32

Hypoglossal nerve

Front 33

26

Back 33

Optic tract

Front 34

1

Back 34

Median sulcus

Front 35

2

Back 35

Medial eminence

Front 36

3

Back 36

Facial colliculus

Front 37

4

Back 37

Vestibular area

Front 38

5

Back 38

Auditory area

Front 39

6

Back 39

Hypoglossal trigone

Front 40

8

Back 40

Area prostrema (vomiting)

Front 41

9

Back 41

Obex (to spinal cord from 4th ventricle - narrowing)

Front 42

11

Back 42

Intermedial posterior sulcus

Front 43

12

Back 43

Median sulcus

Front 44

13

Back 44

Fasciculus gracilis

Front 45

14

Back 45

Nucleus gracilis

Front 46

15

Back 46

Fasciculus cuneatus

Front 47

16

Back 47

Nucleus cuneatus

Front 48

17

Back 48

Lateral funiculus of medulla oblongata

Front 49

18

Back 49

Lateral opening of the 4th ventricle

Front 50

Parts of CNS consist of grey matter?

Back 50

Brain cortex
Basal ganglia
Nuclei of brain

Front 51

Parts of CNS consist of white matter?

Back 51

Nerve fibers
Synapses
Nerve pathways
Peripheral nerves

Front 52

4 types of nerve fibers?

Back 52

Somatomotor
Somatosensory
Visceromotor
Viscerosensory

Front 53

Two parts of the reflex arch

Back 53

Afferent - sensory from receptors
Efferent - motor to effectors

Front 54

Posterior horn, function derivation

Back 54

Receive sensory information, from alar plate

Front 55

Anterior horn, funtion derivation

Back 55

Motor output, from basal plate

Front 56

Lateral horn, function

Back 56

Sympathetic motor function

Front 57

At what level does the spinal cord terminate in an adult?

Back 57

L1-L2

Front 58

What are the borders of the subarachnoid space?

Back 58

Pia mater and the arachnoid membrane

Front 59

What is the blood supply of the spinal cord from the aorta?

Back 59

Posterior intercostal artery
Lumbar artery

(vert. arteries are branches of subclavian)

Front 60

What does a spinal segment mean?

Back 60

A longitudinal segment of spinal cord where a pair of spinal nerves arise.

Front 61

What are the coverings and the spaces in the spinal cord?

Back 61

Pia mater
Arachnoid membrane
Dura mater

Subarachnoid space
Epidural space
Subdural space

Front 62

What are the branches of the spinal nerve?

Back 62

Meningeal branch
Ventral branch
Dorsal branch
Grey and white communicating branch --> vegetative ganglia

Front 63

What does caudal equine mean?

Back 63

Tail of spinal cord - root nerves at the end of spinal cord

Front 64

What is cervical intumescencia?

Back 64

An enlargement of spinal cord at level of C4-C5

Front 65

What are the arteries that form the vasa corona?

Back 65

Posterior and anterior spinal arteries

Front 66

The spinal nerves leaves vertebral canal through?

Back 66

Intervertebral foramina

Front 67

Posterior spinal artery enters vertebral canal through?

Back 67

Intervertebral foramina

Front 68

The brain is supplied by which arteries?

Back 68

Internal carotid arteries
Vertebral arteries

Front 69

Internal carotid arteries
Vertebral arteries

Fuse to form?

Back 69

Circle of Willis

Front 70

Most important blood supply of the meninges?

Back 70

Middle meningeal arteryt

Front 71

Segments of spinal cord

Back 71

8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 coccygeal

Front 72

Cervical enlargement of spinal cord is at level of?

Back 72

C4-T1 => Brachial plexus

Front 73

Lumbar enlargement of spinal cord is at level of?

Back 73

L1-S3 => Lumbosacral plexus

Front 74

What is conus medullaris and which level is it on?

Back 74

End of spinal cord, at level of L1-L2

Front 75

What is filum terminal?

Back 75

Attachment of spinal cord to dorsal 1st coccygeal vertebra

Front 76

Termination of spinal cord at birth?

Back 76

L3

Front 77

Dermatomes is?

Back 77

Innervation of skin areas

Front 78

Myotomes is?

Back 78

Innervation of muscle groups

Front 79

What attach spinal cord to arachnoid and dura mater?

Back 79

Denticulate ligament (of pia mater)

Front 80

Which space contains the CSF?

Back 80

Subarachnoid space

Front 81

CSF is produced in?

Back 81

Choroid plexus of the cerebral ventricular system

Front 82

Arachnoid and dural sheaths continue to?

Back 82

S2

Front 83

There are how many spinal nerves?

Back 83

31

Front 84

Afferent neurons of spinal cord are located in?

Back 84

Dorsal root ganglion

Front 85

Efferent neurones in spinal cord are located in?

Back 85

Grey matter of cord

Front 86

Lumbar puncture?

Back 86

L3-L4, L4-L5. Same with epidural anesthesia

For kids:
L5-S1 (spinal cord ends at L3 in kids)

Front 87

1

Back 87

Posterior median sulcus

Front 88

2

Back 88

Posterior intermediate sulcus

Front 89

3

Back 89

Posterior median septum

Front 90

4

Back 90

Posterior funiculus

Front 91

5

Back 91

Posterior lateral sulcus

Front 92

6

Back 92

Gelatinous substance

Front 93

7

Back 93

Posterior horn, nucleus proprius

Front 94

8

Back 94

Lateral funiculus

Front 95

9

Back 95

Thoracic nucleus = nucleus of Clarke

Front 96

10

Back 96

Lateral horn

Front 97

11

Back 97

Ventral horn

Front 98

12

Back 98

Ventral funiculus

Front 99

13

Back 99

Anterior median fissure

Front 100

14

Back 100

Ventral white commisure

Front 101

15

Back 101

Intermediate gray substance

Front 102

16

Back 102

Medial longitudinal fasciculus

Front 103

17

Back 103

Anterior corticospinal tract

Front 104

18

Back 104

Tectospinal tract

Front 105

19

Back 105

Reticulospinal tract

Front 106

20

Back 106

Spinotectal tract

Front 107

21

Back 107

Spinotectal tract

Front 108

22

Back 108

Anterior spinocerebellar tract

Front 109

23

Back 109

Rubrospinal tract

Front 110

24

Back 110

Spinothalamic tract

Front 111

25

Back 111

Lateral corticospinal tract

Front 112

26

Back 112

Posterior spinocerebellar tract

Front 113

27

Back 113

Cuneate fasciculus

Front 114

28

Back 114

Gracile fasciculus

Front 115

What structure connects the Pons to cerebellum?

Back 115

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Front 116

What are the parts of the mesencephalon?

Back 116

Tectum
Tegmentum
Crura mesencephali

Front 117

What foramina in the 4th ventricle connect with the subarachnoid space?

Back 117

Foramen Magendi
Foramen Luschka

Front 118

Which nerve leaves the mesencephalon from the dorsal side?

Back 118

Trochlear nerve

Front 119

What are the divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

Back 119

Ophtalmic nerve
Maxillary nerve
Mandibular nerve

Front 120

What are the different types of nerves found in the PNS?

Back 120

Somatomotor
Somatorsensory
Visceromotor
Viscerosensory

Front 121

Weight of brain?

Back 121

1250-1600g

Front 122

Arteries supplying spinal cord

Back 122

Vertebral arteries
Cervical arteries
Lumbar arteries
Lateral sacral arteries
Posterior intercostal arteries

Front 123

Parts of the brain stem

Back 123

Medulla oblongata
Pons of Varol
Midbrain

Front 124

What are the ventricles of the brain?

Back 124

2 lateral
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle

Front 125

What structure connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle?

Back 125

Cerebral aqueduct

Front 126

Where is CSF produced?

Back 126

Choroid plexus

Front 127

Name 3 tracts of spinal cord of extrapyramidal pathway?

Back 127

Rubrospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract

Front 128

What is the continuation of spinal cord?

Back 128

Cauda equina

Front 129

What are the folds of the dura mater?

Back 129

Falx cerebri
Falx cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli
Sellar diaphragm

Front 130

CSF rains to subarachnoid space through?

Back 130

Foramen Magendi
Foramen Luschka

Front 131

Name 5 sinuses of the dura mater

Back 131

Superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Transverse sinus
Sigmoid sinus
Occipital sinus
Cavernous sinus
Sphenopalatine sinus
Superior/inferior petrosal sinus
Intercavernous sinus

Front 132

What is the length of spinal cord?

Back 132

45 cm male
43 cm female

Front 133

What is the position of the vertebral canal?

Back 133

Foramen magnum C1-->L1/L2

Front 134

Location of lumbar puncture?

Back 134

L3-L4 / L4-L5

Front 135

Where does spinal cord lie?

Back 135

In the vertebral column

Front 136

Arteries of the brain?

Back 136

Internal carotid arteries
Vertebral arteries

Front 137

What connects the two halves of the spinal cord?

Back 137

White commissure

Front 138

White matter separates into?

Back 138

Posterior, anterior, lateral FASCICLES

Front 139

Gray matter organized into?

Back 139

Posterior, anterior, lateral HORNS

Front 140

Define the vasocorona

Back 140

A vascular ring around spinal cord where vessels radiate into white matter

Front 141

The spinothalamic tract runs in proximity to?

Back 141

Medial lemniscus => Therefore called spinal lemniscus

Front 142

Spinoreticulothalamic system carry?

Back 142

Slow pain - like aching pain

Front 143

Fibers of dorsal spinocerebellar tract originate from?

Back 143

Clarke´s column

Front 144

Fibers of dorsal spinocerebellar tract enter cerebellum through?

Back 144

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Front 145

Fibers of ventral spinocerebeller tract enter cerebellum through?

Back 145

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Front 146

Descending pyramidal tracts of spinal cord?

Back 146

Corticospinal tract= pyramidal tract (because it form the pyramids on ventral surface of medulla oblongata):

Lateral corticospinal tract (in lateral funiculus)
Anterior corticospinal tract (in anterior funiculus)

This is due to decussation. 75-90% of pyramidal fibers go contralateral to lateral corticospinal tract. 10-25% go ipsilaterally to ventral corticospinal tract.

Front 147

Descending extrapyramidal tracts of spinal cord?

Back 147

Vestibulospinal tract (balance, muscle tone)
Anterior reticulospinal tract (-pons)
Lateral reticulospinal tract (-medulla oblongata)
Tegmentospinal tract (-midbrain)
Rubrospinal tract and tectospinal tract => Terminate in cervical spinal cord => Influence only motor of head and upper limb

Front 148

Descending autonomic tracts of spinal cord?

Back 148

Parependymal tract (genital function)
Foerster tract (vasoconstriction, sweating)

Front 149

Name function of ascending tracts

Back 149

Sensory impulses:
- Pain
- Thermal
- Tactile

Front 150

Name function of descending tracts

Back 150

Control of
- Movement
- Muscle tone
- Spinal reflexes
- spinal autonomic functions

Front 151

Rubrospinal tract originate from?

Back 151

Red nucleus of midbrain tegmentum

Front 152

Red nucleus controls?

Back 152

Tone of limb flexor muscles

Front 153

Tectospinal tract originate from?

Back 153

Superior colliculus of midbrain

Front 154

Sensory nuclei of posterior horn of spinal cord?

Back 154

Spongious substance
Gelatinous substance of Roland
Proper nucleus of posterior column
Dorsal nucleus of clarke

Front 155

Sensory nuclei of posterior horn of spinal cord?

Back 155

Spongious substance
Gelatinous substance of Roland
Proper nucleus of posterior column
Dorsal nucleus of clarke

Front 156

Vegetate nuclei of lateral horn of spinal cord?

Back 156

Intermediomedial nuclei
Intermediolateral nuclei

Front 157

2

Back 157

Anterior root - motor

Front 158

3

Back 158

Posterior root - sensory

Front 159

4

Back 159

Trunc of spinal nerve

Front 160

5

Back 160

Recurrent meningeal branch

Front 161

6

Back 161

Posterior branch

Front 162

7

Back 162

Anterior branch

Front 163

8

Back 163

White communicating branch

Front 164

9

Back 164

Grey communicating branch

Front 165

10

Back 165

Dorsal root ganglion

Front 166

Where 8&9 meet:

Back 166

Vegetative ganglion

Front 167

1

Back 167

Taenia choroidea

(lateral= Lamina affixa, stria terminalis)

Front 168

2

Back 168

Thalamus

Front 169

4

Back 169

Stalk of pineal gland

Front 170

5

Back 170

Habenula

Front 171

6

Back 171

Stria medullaris

Front 172

7

Back 172

Superior colliculus

Front 173

8

Back 173

Brachium of superior colliculus

Front 174

9

Back 174

Inferior colliculus

Front 175

10

Back 175

Brachium of inferior colliculus

Front 176

12

Back 176

Median sulcus

Front 177

13

Back 177

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Front 178

14

Back 178

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Front 179

15

Back 179

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Front 180

16

Back 180

Anterior tuberculum of thalamus

Front 181

17

Back 181

Obex, area postrema

Front 182

1

Back 182

Optic nerve

Front 183

2

Back 183

Optic chiasm

Front 184

3

Back 184

Optic tract

Front 185

4

Back 185

Hypophyseal infundibulum

Front 186

5

Back 186

Mammillary bodies

Front 187

6

Back 187

Interpeduncle fossa

Front 188

7

Back 188

Pons

Front 189

8

Back 189

Basilar sulcus --> Basilar artery

Front 190

9

Back 190

Inferior pontine sulcus (-CN VI, VII, VIII)

Front 191

11

Back 191

Medulla oblongata, median anterior fissure

Front 192

12

Back 192

Anterio-lateral sulcus

Front 193

13

Back 193

Olives

Front 194

15

Back 194

Choroid plexus of 4th ventricle

Front 195

16

Back 195

Pyramidal decussation

Front 196

17

Back 196

Anterior perforated substance

Front 197

18

Back 197

Olfactory tract

Front 198

Where is, and what function has the RETICULAR FORMATION of brainstem?

Back 198

Lies in PONS of Varol

Function:
- Sleep/wake cycle
- Pain modulation
- Cardiovascular control
- Somatomotor control (balance etc)

Front 199

Which foramen let CSF drain from 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space?

Back 199

Foramen Luschka

Front 200

What are the lateral walls of the 4th ventricle made up by?

Back 200

Superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles

Front 201

What connects the brain stem with cerebellum?

Back 201

The cerebellar peduncles

Front 202

Which cranial nerve leaves the brain stem on posterior side? And where?

Back 202

Trochlear nerve - just caudal to inferior colliculus

Front 203

Superior and inferior colliculi on dorsal side of brainstem: Function?

Back 203

Parts of visual and auditory system - respectively

Front 204

Where does the pyramidal/corticospinal tract decussate 75-90% of the fibers?

Back 204

In the caudal medulla

Front 205

What nuclei is in the olives and what function?

Back 205

Inferior olivary nuclei - control over movement

Front 206

Where is the pontine nuclei and where does its fibers go?

Back 206

In ventral pons - go as pontocerebellar fibers on ventral part of pons - cross contralateral through the MIDDLE cerebellar peduncle to cerebellum

Front 207

Function of pontine nuclei?

Back 207

Recieve corticopontine fibers from cortex - coordination and movement via cerebellum

Front 208

The crus cerebri of ventral surface of midbrain is separated by?

Back 208

Interpeduncular fossa

Front 209

What forms the floor of the 4th ventricle?

Back 209

Dorsal aspect of rostral medulla and pons

Front 210

Where does the cerebral aqueduct run?

Back 210

Through the midbrain, behind the colliculi

Front 211

Where - compared to spinal cord - do we find the trigeminal nuclei?

Back 211

In caudal medulla - where dorsal horn used to be in SC

Front 212

Medulla oblongata - level of olives: 2

Back 212

Core of vagus nerve

Front 213

Medulla oblongata - level of olives: 3

Back 213

Nuclei vestibular nerve

Front 214

Medulla oblongata - level of olives: 6

Back 214

Trigeminal nucleus

Front 215

Medulla oblongata - level of olives: 8

Back 215

Nuclei of hypoglossal nerve

Front 216

Medulla oblongata - level of olives: 9

Back 216

Nuclei of olives - Olivary nuclei

Front 217

Medulla oblongata - level of olives: 10

Back 217

Olive

Front 218

Medulla oblongata - level of olives: 11

Back 218

Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract

Front 219

Medulla oblongata - level of olives: 13

Back 219

Hypoglossal nerve

Front 220

Medulla oblongata - level of olives: 17

Back 220

Vagus nerve

Front 221

What connect medulla oblongata to cerebellum?

Back 221

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Front 222

What connects pons to cerebellum?

Back 222

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Front 223

What connects midbrain to cerebellum?

Back 223

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Front 224

Which CN is found petween the pyramids and the olives?

Back 224

Hypoglossal nerve

Front 225

Name the somatomotor nuclei of brain stem?

Back 225

III, IV, VI, XII

Front 226

Name the nuclei of dorsal horn of SC?

Back 226

Spongious substance
Gelatinous substance of Roland
Nucleus proprius
Dorsal nuclei of Clarke

Front 227

Name the somatomotor nuclei of brain stem?

Back 227

MEDIALLY
- Hypoglossal
- Abducens
- Trochlear
- Oculomotor

LATERAL:
- Ambiguus
- Facial
- Trigeminal

Front 228

Pathway that pass through the external capsule?

Back 228

Spinothalamic tract

Front 229

List at least 4 extrapyramidal pathways?

Back 229

Rubrospinal
Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal
Tectospinal

Front 230

The lower motor neuron is SC is located in?

Back 230

Ventral horn

Front 231

What is the name of the crossing of corticospinal (pyramidal) tract?

Back 231

Pyramidal decussation

Front 232

What are the main contents in extrapyramidal tracts?

Back 232

Basal ganglia
Subthalamic nuclei
Nucleus ruber
Substantia nigra

Front 233

Name the vegetative nuclei of SC?

Back 233

Intermediolateral
Intermediomedial

Front 234

Name the motor nuclei of SC?

Back 234

Alpha and gamma neuron

Front 235

Name the sensory nuclei of SC and which sensation?

Back 235

Clarks dorsal nucleus = Proprioception
Proper nucleus = Protophaty
Gelatinous substance of Roland
Spongy substance

Front 236

Name the specific ascending sensory tracts?

Back 236

Spinobulbar
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

Front 237

Name the unspecific ascending sensory tracts?

Back 237

Spinotectal
Spinoreticular
Spinoolivary

Front 238

Nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis - which sensation?

Back 238

Epicritic sensation

Front 239

Which pathways have their crossing on spinal cord/lower medulla oblongata?

Back 239

Corticospinal tr.
Spinothalamic tr.

Front 240

Name the cerebellar nuclei?

Back 240

Fastigial
Emboliform
Dentate
Globose

Front 241

1st order neuron of spinothalamic tract is located in?

Back 241

Dorsal root ganglion

Front 242

The internal arcuate fibers of medulla oblongata are?

Back 242

Fibers of 2nd order neurons within gracile and cuneate nuclei; Fine touch and proprioception to thalamus

Front 243

Middle pons: 1

Back 243

Fourth ventricle

Front 244

Middle pons: 2

Back 244

Medial longitudinal fasciculus

Front 245

Middle pons: 3

Back 245

Medial lemniscus

Front 246

Middle pons: 4

Back 246

Pontine nuclei

Front 247

Middle pons: 5

Back 247

Corticospinal fibers

Front 248

6

Back 248

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Front 249

6

Back 249

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Front 250

7

Back 250

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Front 251

7

Back 251

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Front 252

Middle pons: 8

Back 252

Reticular formation

Front 253

Middle pons: 9

Back 253

Trigeminal nerve

Front 254

Parts of midbrain?

Back 254

Tectum
Tegmentum
Crura mesencephali

Front 255

What is corpora quadrigemina?

Back 255

Inferior and superior colliculi - makes up the tectum of midbrain

Front 256

Name the cranial nerves.

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Back 256

Olfactory nerve
Optic nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Abducens nerve
Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve
Hypoglossal nerve

Front 257

Name function of each cranial nerve?

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Back 257

I - Sensory
II - Sensory
III - Motor
IV - Motor
V - Both
VI - Motor
VII - Both
VIII - Sensory
IX - Motor
X - Motor
XI - Motor
XII - Motor

Front 258

Which cranial fossa does the cranial nerves leave through?

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Back 258

I - Cribriform plate
II - Optic canal
III - Superior orbital fissure
IV - Superior orbital fissure
V1 - Superior orbital fissure
V2 - Rotundum foramen
V3 - Ovale foramen
VI - Superior orbital fissure
VII - Internal acoustic meatus
VIII - Internal acoustic meatus
IX - Jugular foramen
X - Jugular foramen
XI - Jugular foramen
XII - Hypoglossal canal

Front 259

Which cranial nerve passes through the pyramid and olive in medulla oblongata?

Back 259

Hypoglossal nerve

Front 260

Which nuclei of corticonuclear tract are located in midbrain?

Back 260

Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve

Front 261

Which of the branches of trigeminal nerve have motor function?

Back 261

Mandibular division

Front 262

Name the branches of opthalmic nerve?

Back 262

Lacrimal nerve
Frontal nerve
Nasociliary nerve

Front 263

Which nerve innervates mimetic muscles?

Back 263

Facial nerve

Front 264

2 Nuclei found in medulla oblongata?

Back 264

Cuneate nucleus
Gracilis nucleus
Trigeminal nucleus

Front 265

Where does nerve VI leave brain stem?

Back 265

Bulbopontine sulcus

Front 266

Nuclei of brain stem taking part in extrapyramidal pathway?

Back 266

Red nucleus and substantia nigra

Front 267

Nucleus gracilis and cuneatus function?

Back 267

Epicritic sensation

Front 268

Crus cerebri is the same as?

Back 268

Cerebral peduncle

Front 269

Corticotectal fibers main location and function?

Back 269

Superior colluculus - originate from visual cortex - movement of eyes and accommodation reflex

Front 270

Which nucleus have connections with the pupillary light reflex?

Back 270

Pretectal nucleus

Front 271

Function red nucleus?

Back 271

Motor control

Front 272

1

Back 272

Central aqueduct

Front 273

2

Back 273

Periaqueductal grey

Front 274

Midbrain: 3

Back 274

Spinal lemniscus

Front 275

Midbrain: 4

Back 275

Medial longitudinal fasciculus

Front 276

Midbrain: 5

Back 276

Medial lemniscus - carry sensory information from gracilis and cuneate nuclei to thalamus

Front 277

Midbrain: 6

Back 277

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Front 278

Midbrain: 7

Back 278

Decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle

Front 279

Midbrain: 8

Back 279

Substantia nigra

Front 280

Midbrain: 9

Back 280

Inferior colliculus

Front 281

Midbrain: 10

Back 281

Lateral lemniscus

Front 282

Midbrain: 11

Back 282

Trochlear nucleus (eyes of owl)

Front 283

Midbrain: 12

Back 283

Temporopontine fibers

Front 284

13

Back 284

Corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers

Front 285

Midbrain: 14

Back 285

Frontopontine fibers

Front 286

Which fibers are present in the crus cerebri of midbrain?

Back 286

Temporopontine fibers
Corticobulbar fibers
Corticospinal fibers
Frontopontine fibers

Front 287

Reticulospinal tract originate from? What does it influence?

Back 287

The medullary and pontine reticular formation.

Influence muscle tone and posture

Front 288

1

Back 288

Optic nerve

Front 289

2

Back 289

Optic tract

Front 290

3

Back 290

Trigeminal nerve

Front 291

4

Back 291

Facial nerve

Front 292

5

Back 292

Vagus nerve

Front 293

6

Back 293

Accessory nerve

Front 294

7

Back 294

Cranial roots of accessory nerve

Front 295

8

Back 295

Spinal roots of accessory nerve

Front 296

9

Back 296

Olfactory bulb

Front 297

10

Back 297

Olfactory tract

Front 298

11

Back 298

Oculomotor nerve

Front 299

12

Back 299

Trochlear nerve

Front 300

13

Back 300

Abducens nerve

Front 301

14

Back 301

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 302

15

Back 302

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 303

16

Back 303

Hypoglossal nerve

Front 304

17

Back 304

Ventral root of 1st cervical nerve

Front 305

Innervation and function: CN I olfactory n.

Back 305

Olf. ep - Olfaction

Front 306

Innervation and function: CN II optic n.

Back 306

Retina - Vision

Front 307

Innervation and function: CN III Oculomotor n.

Back 307

Motor: Sup, med, inf. recti. Inf. oblique, levator palpebra superioris.

- Movement of eyeball
- Elevation of upper eyelid

Parasympathetic:
- Sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles - Pupillary accomodation and constriction

Front 308

Innervation and function: CN IV - Trochlear n.

Back 308

Superior oblique muscle - Movement of eyeball

Front 309

Innervation and function: CN V - Trigeminal nerve

Back 309

Sensory:
- Sensation of face and head
Motor
- Masticatory muscles
- Tensor tympani muscle

Front 310

Innervation and function: CN VI - Abducens nerve

Back 310

Lateral rectus muscle - movement of eyeball

Front 311

Innervation and function: CN VII - Facial nerve

Back 311

Sensory: Taste ant. 2/3 tounge
Motor:
- Mimetic muscles
- Stapedius muscle
Parasympathetic:
- Salivary and lacrimal gland

Front 312

Innervation and function: CN VIII - vestibulocochlear nerve

Back 312

Vestibular apparatus and cochlea:
- Position and movement of head
- Hearing

Front 313

Innervation and function: CN IX - glossopharyngeal nerve

Back 313

Sensory: Pharynx, eustachian tube, middle ear, carotid body&sinus - Sensation and chemo/baro-seption (carot)

Motor: Stylopharyngeus muscle - swallow

Parasympathetic: Parotid gland

Front 314

Innervation and function: CN X - vagus nerve

Back 314

Sensory: Pharynx, larynx, esophagus, ext. ear - sensation
Aorta - barometer/chemometer
Visceral sensation from thor&abd. viscera

Motor: Soft palate, pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus - swallow

Parasymp: Thor.&abd. viscera - cardiovasc., resp., gastroint., system control

Front 315

Innervation and function: CN XI - Accessory nerve

Back 315

Sternomastoid&trapezius muscle - movement head and sholder

Front 316

Innervation and function: CN XII - Hypoglossal nerve

Back 316

Muscles of tounge - movement

Front 317

Sensory information from head enter brain through?

Back 317

Trigeminal nerve - terminate in trigeminal sensory nucleus (whole brain stem)

Front 318

Viscerosensory of head, like taste, enter brain through?

Back 318

Solitary nucleus in medulla oblongata

Front 319

Location of oculomotor nuclei?

Back 319

Midbrain at level of superior colliculus

Front 320

Location of trochlear nuclei?

Back 320

Midbrain at level of inferior colliculus

Front 321

Location of abducens nuclei?

Back 321

Pons beneath floor of 4th ventricle

Front 322

Location of hypoglossal nuclei?

Back 322

Medulla oblongata

Front 323

Location of trigeminal motor nucleus?

Back 323

Mid pons

Front 324

Location of nucleus ambiguus?

Back 324

Medilla oblongata

Front 325

Location of facial nucleus?

Back 325

Pontine tegmentum

Front 326

Location of Eddinger-Westphal nucleus?

Back 326

Midbrain

Front 327

Location of salivatory nuclei?

Back 327

Pontine tegmentum

Front 328

Location of dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve?

Back 328

Medulla oblongata

Front 329

Parasympathetic neurons of OCULOMOTOR nerve arise from?

Back 329

Eddinger-Westphal nuclei - accomodation and light reflex

Front 330

Name 3 typical nervous structures formed by gray matter

Back 330

Horns of spinal cord
Caudate nucleus
Thalamus
Lentiform nucleus
- Putamen
- Globus
- Pallidus
Claustrum
Hippocampus

Front 331

Name 4 ascending spinal cord tracts

Back 331

Lateral spinothalamic
Ventral spinothalamic
Posterior spinocerebellar
Anterior spinocerebellar
Spinotectal
Spinobulbar

Front 332

Name the cranial nerves that contain vegetative axons

Back 332

III, VII, IX, X

Front 333

Name the sympathetic ganglia of the neck

Back 333

Sup, inf, mid cervical ganglia
Stellate ganglion

Front 334

In which structure is the synapse of the 1st order neuron to the 2nd order neuron in the trigemino-thalamic tract?

Back 334

Trigeminal nucleus

Front 335

Which spinal segments supply the dermatomes of the scalp?

Back 335

C1, C2, C3

Front 336

CSF if absorbed in?

Back 336

Drained into the venous circulation by arachnoid villi and the point of exit of the spinal nerves (in area of arachnoid granulations)

Front 337

Radicular fibers of phrenic nerve arise from which segments of spinal cord?

Back 337

Mainly C4

but also C3 and C5

Front 338

The corner of the mouth hangs down by a paralysis of?

Back 338

Facial nerve

Front 339

Are you gonna pass this credit!?

Back 339

YES!!!

Front 340

Brain stem consist of 3 parts?

Back 340

Mid brain (mesencephalon)
Pons of Varol
Medulla oblongata

Front 341

In mesencephalon are nuclei of following cranial nerves:

Back 341

Oculomotor nerve nucleus
Eddinger-Westphal nucleus (access. oculomotor)
Trochlear nerve nucleus
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve (cranial limb of V-nucleus)

Front 342

Which cranial nerve innervates the skin of the nose?

Back 342

Ophtalmic nerve (V1)

Front 343

Name at least 3 folds of dura mater?

Back 343

Falx cerebri
Falx cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli
Diaphragma sellae

Front 344

Name the principle regions and areas of the brain cortex for:
Speech
Vision
Hearing

Back 344

Speech = 44
Vision = 17 (18,19)
Hearing = 41, 42

Front 345

Nerve innervates parotid gland?

Back 345

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 346

What is the efferent limb of the corneal reflex?

Back 346

Facial nerve

Front 347

What is the efferent limb of the gag reflex?

Back 347

Vagus nerve

Front 348

What innervates the mimetic muscles?

Back 348

Facial nerve

Front 349

By protophatic pathway are carried these modalities:

Back 349

Pain
Temperature
Hard touch
Pressure

Front 350

Which pathways convey pain from the oral cavity?

Back 350

Trigemino-thalamic pathway

Front 351

Which tract innervates somatomotor nuclei of cranial nerves?

Back 351

Corticospinal tract (corticonuclear)

Front 352

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers for submandibular and sublingual salivary glands originate in?

Back 352

Superior salivatory nucleus

Front 353

Explain the corneal reflex, afferent and efferent branch

Back 353

Existence of the corneal reflex causes that any stimulus to the conjunctiva or cornea excites blinking.

Afferent impulses travel via the opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve. The generally uncrossed fibers travel in dorsolateral region of the tegmentum to the facial nucleus which sends efferent impulses in branches of the facial nerve to the orbicular is oris muscles

Front 354

Draw and describe scheme of circle of Willis!

Back 354

Platzer page 271

Front 355

Name the developmental parts of the cerebellum

Back 355

Archiecerebellum
Paleocerebellum
Neocerebellum

Front 356

What are denticulate ligaments?

Back 356

Ligaments of spinal for attaches pia mater to arachnoid membrane

Front 357

Draw spinal nerve and branches

Back 357

Remember recurrent meningeal branch!!

Front 358

Pretectal nerve is connected to what pathway?

Back 358

Optic pathway

Front 359

Name four muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve

Back 359

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial&lateral pterygoid

Front 360

Name the nuclei of the dorsal horn

Back 360

Proper nuclei
Posterior nuclei of Clark
Spongious substance
Gelatinous substance of Roland

Front 361

Nuclei in spinal cord connected to parasympathetic?

Back 361

Intermediomedial
Intermediolateral
(vegetative-lateral horn)

Front 362

Internal branches of facial nerve

Back 362

Greater petrosal (lacrimal gland)
Stapedius (middle ear)
Chorda tympani (taste 2/3)

Front 363

how does the vagus nerve affect heart function?

Back 363

Parasympathetic innervation, decreases heart rate

Front 364

Which space in the spinal cord contain the venous plexus?

Back 364

Epidural space

Front 365

Superior oblique muscle is innervated by which nerve?

Back 365

Trochlear nerve

Front 366

What goes through the internal acoustic meatus?

Back 366

Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 367

Name 4 groups of thalamic nuclei

Back 367

Specific
Non-specific
Motor
Accessory

Front 368

Name special sensory nuclei of thalamus?

Back 368

Ventral-posterior-lateral (VPL)
Ventral-posterior-medial (VPM)
Lat/med geniculate bodies

Front 369

Primary visual cortex is in which lobe and Brodmanns area?

Back 369

Occipital lobe, area 17 (18,19)

Front 370

Where is the cell body of the 3rd order neuron located of the visual pathway?

Back 370

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Front 371

Name 2 communications between middle and inner ear

Back 371

Round and oval window

Front 372

Protopahtic - where is nuclei of 3rd neuron located?

Back 372

VPL of thalamus

Front 373

Epicritic pathways?

Back 373

Spinobulbar
Spinothalamic

Front 374

Name parts of the midbrain

Back 374

Tectum
Tegmentum
Crura mesencephali

Front 375

Name the vegetative nuclei of the spinal cord

Back 375

IMM
IML

Front 376

The vagus nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to which parts of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?

Back 376

Esophagus
Intestines
Stomach
Transverse mesocolon (2/3--> canon-Boehms point)

Front 377

Middle cerebral artery is a branch of what?

Back 377

Internal carotid artery

Front 378

What is the structure that connects the pons to the cerebellum?

Back 378

Middle cerebral peduncle

Front 379

nuclei of midbrain connected to the extrapyramidal pathway?

Back 379

Nucleus ruber
Substantia nigra

Front 380

What goes through the foramen ovale?

Back 380

Mandibular nerve

Front 381

What structure connects the 3rd ventricle and the lateral ventricle?

Back 381

2 stk of foramen Monro

Front 382

Name 4 parasympathetic ganglia of the cranial nerves?

Back 382

Otic
Sub-mandibular
Ciliary
Pterygopalatine

Front 383

At what level is a lumbar puncture performed?

Back 383

L3-L4

Front 384

Where does the spinal cord normally terminate in adults?

Back 384

L1-L2

Front 385

Which pathways have their crossings in spinal cord?

Back 385

Ventral corticospinal tract
Ascending spinothalamic tract

Front 386

Which spinal segment supplies the ermatomes at the level of nipple?

Back 386

T4 and T5

Front 387

Through which foramen does the pudendal nerve enter pelvis?

Back 387

Infrapiriform foramen

Front 388

What is the continuation of the spinal cord?

Back 388

Cauda equina

Front 389

Throguh which foramen does the pudendal nerve enter the pelvis?

Back 389

Infrapiriform foramen

Front 390

Which veins provide connection between dural sinuses and superficial veins of the skull?

Back 390

Inferior and superior anastomitic veins (of lab be and trollard??)

Front 391

Where are hormones produced in the hypopfysis?

Back 391

Adenohypophysis

Front 392

Infundulum connects hypophysis with?

Back 392

Hypothalamus

Front 393

Which parasympathetic ganglion innervates the lacrimal gland?

Back 393

Pterygopalatine ganglion

Front 394

What are the main arteries supplying the brain?

Back 394

Internal carotid and 2 vertebral arteries

Front 395

Name the structures that pass through the jugular foramen?

Back 395

CN Ix, X, XI and internal jugular vein as well as posterior meningeal artery

Front 396

Draw the circle of willis

Back 396

Fucking hypocrith, DO IT !!!

Front 397

Which nerve innervates the skin of face?

Back 397

All three divisions of trigeminal nerve - in their respective region (sup --> inf.)

Front 398

Name the structures transversing the cavernous sinuses?

Back 398

Occulomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducens nerve, opthalmic and maxillary nerve, internal carotid artery

Front 399

What sense is the hippocampus associated with?

Back 399

Part of limbic system - responsible for memory, behavior and mood

Front 400

What is the difference between direct and indirect pathways?

Back 400

DIRECT:
- Connected through thalamus

INDERECT:
- Connected through the cerebellum

Front 401

Name 3 div. of trigeminal nerve and where they emerge?

Back 401

Opthalmic - Sup. orbital fissure
Maxillary - Foramen rotundum
Mandibular - Foramen ovale

Front 402

Which cranial nerves contain autonomic fibers?

Back 402

Occulomotor
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vaugs

Front 403

Which cranial nerves carry only motor fibers?

Back 403

Trochlear
Abducens
Accessory
Hypoglossal

Front 404

Tensor tympani and stapedius muscle are innervated by?

Back 404

Tens.tymp = Mandibular nerve
Stapedius = Facial nerve

Front 405

What is the film terminal and where does it terminate?

Back 405

Filum terminale is a strand of connective tissue that extends from corns medullar is and which ends by attaching to the dorsal surface of the 1st coccygeal vertebra = ATTACHMENT OF SPINAL CORD FFS

Front 406

Name the parts of the telencephalon

Back 406

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Insula

Front 407

Name the cerebellar nuclei?

Back 407

Fastigial
Emboliform
Globose
Dentate

Front 408

Name 3 ascending (sensory) tract in the spinal cord?

Back 408

Spinothalamic
Dorsal column
Spinocerebellar tract

Front 409

Which nuclei of medulla oblongata is connected to spinobulbar tract?

Back 409

Nucleus gracilis
Nucleus gracilis

Front 410

1st order neuron of spinothalamic tract are situated where?

Back 410

In the dorsal root ganglion

Front 411

Which nerve tract conduct proprioception from lower limbs and lower part of the trunk?

Back 411

Fasciculus gracilis
Spinocerebellar tract

Front 412

Name the covering of the spinal cord and the spaces between them?

Back 412

Dura mater
Arachnoid membrane
Pia mater

SPACES:
Epidural
Subdural (only present in path.conditions)
Subarachnoid space

Front 413

Explain term cervical intumescentia?

Back 413

Cervical enlargement of spinal cord from C3-T1. Spinal nerves that innervate upper limb originate here

Front 414

Spinal segment?

Back 414

A longitudinal part of the spinal cord where a pair of spinal nerves is formed.

Front 415

Name 3 functional (developmental) parts of the cerebellum

Back 415

Paleocerebellum
Archiecerebellum
Neocerebellum

Front 416

Which structure connects medulla oblongata to cerebellum?

Back 416

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Front 417

Name all the nuclei of occulomotor nerve?

Back 417

Eddinger-Westphal nuclei
Motor nuclei of occulomotor nerve

Front 418

Name 4 nuclei of the basal ganglia?

Back 418

Caudate
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Claustrum

Front 419

Epidural intracranial bleeding results most frequently from damage of?

Back 419

Middle meningeal artery

Front 420

CSF from the 4th ventricle enters subarachnoid space through which foramen?

Back 420

Foramen Magendi and foramen Luschka

Front 421

Auditory cortical center lies wher?

Back 421

In the superior temporal gyri - Brodmans number 41, 42

Front 422

Areas in brain with no BBB?

Back 422

Pineal gland (endocrine melatonin release - circadian rythm)
Median eminence of hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary gland
Area postrema - senses toxins in the blood

Front 423

Name 2 muscles of the middle ear?

Back 423

Stapedius muscle
Tensor tympani muscle

Front 424

Lateral rectus muscle is innervated by?

Back 424

Abducens nerve

Front 425

Name at least 4 extrapyramidal tracts

Back 425

Vestibulospinal
Rubrospinal
tegmentospinal
Reticulospinal

Front 426

Which nuclei in the midbrain is connected with extrapyramidal tract?

Back 426

Substantia nigra
Red nucleus
Superior colluculus - tectospinal tract

Front 427

Upper motor neurons of pyramidal pathways are located in?

Back 427

Precentral gyrus - brondmans area 4&6

Front 428

Name 4 parts of the diencephalon+

Back 428

Epithalamus
Thalamus
Subthalamus
Hypothalamus

Front 429

Lateral geniculate body is the diencephalic relay station of?

Back 429

Visual pathway

Front 430

Name 2 specific nuclei of thalamus

Back 430

Ventral posterior nucleus (VPN)
Medial geniculate nucleus
Lateral geniculate nucleus

Front 431

Name the developmental parts of the cerebellum

Back 431

Paleocerebellum
Archiecerebellum
Neocerebellum

Front 432

What are denticulate ligaments?

Back 432

21 paris of ligament which attach the pia mater to arachnoid mater and dura mater. Provide stability for spinal cord against motion within the vertebral column

Front 433

Draw and label a scheme of the spinal nerve

Back 433

I know you didn't do it. For Facks sake do it. And remember the recurrent meningeal nerve

Front 434

Pretectal nerve is connected to what pathway?

Back 434

Optic tract

Front 435

Name 4 muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve?

Back 435

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid

Front 436

Name the nuclei of the dorsal horn?

Back 436

Substantia spongiosa
Substantia gelatinosa
Nucleus proprius
Nucleus dorsalis

Front 437

Nuclei in spinal cord connected to parasympathetic?

Back 437

Intermediolateral nucleus
Intermediomedial nucleus

Front 438

Internal skull branches of the facial nerve?

Back 438

Chorda tympani nerve
Stapedius nerve
Greater petrosal nerve

Front 439

External skull branches of the facial nerve?

(Ten Zebras Bit My Cock)

Back 439

Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical

Front 440

How does the vagus nerve affect heart function?

Back 440

Stimulate lowering of the blood pressure&heart rate (depressor nerve)

Front 441

Which space in the spinal cord contain the venous plexus?

Back 441

Epidural space

Front 442

Superior oblique muscle is innervated by which nerve?

Back 442

Trochlear nerve

Front 443

Lower motor neurons in spinal cordare located in anterior horn of spinal cord... They are called?

Back 443

Alpha and gamma motor neurons

Front 444

What goes through the internal acoustic meatus?

Back 444

Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 445

Name 4 groups of thalamic nuclei?

Back 445

Specific
Non-specific
Associated
Motor

Front 446

Name special sensory nuclei of thalamus?

Back 446

VPL
VPM
Medial and lateral geniculate bodies

Front 447

Primary visual cortex is in which lobe and brodmanns area?

Back 447

Occipital lobe - brodmanns area 17 (calcarine sulcus)

Front 448

Where is the cell body of the 3rd order neuron located of the visual pathway?

Back 448

Optic nerve ganglion - lateral geniculate body is 4TH!!

Front 449

Function of solitary nucleus?

Back 449

Recieve visceral sensation and TASTE from facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

Front 450

Protophatic sensation - where is nuclei of 3rd order neuron located?

Back 450

VPL

Front 451

Epicritic sensation - tracts?

Back 451

Spinobulbar tract
Bulbothalamic tract

Front 452

Name the parts of the midbrain?

Back 452

Tectum
Tegmentum
Crura mesencephali

Front 453

Name the vegetative nuclei of the spinal cord?

Back 453

IMM
IML

Front 454

The vagus nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to which parts of the digestive system?

Back 454

Esophagus to cannon-boehms point - 2/3 of transverse colon

Front 455

Middle cerebral artery is a branch of what?

Back 455

Internal carotid artery

Front 456

What is the structure that connects the pons to the cerebellum?

Back 456

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Front 457

Nuclei of midbrain connected to the extrapyramidal pathway?

Back 457

Substantia nigra
Nucleus ruber

Front 458

What goes through the foramen ovale?

Back 458

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

Front 459

What structure connects the 3rd ventricle and the lateral ventricle?

Back 459

Interventricular foramen

Front 460

Name 4 parasympathetic ganglia of the cranial nerves?

Back 460

Pterygopalatine
Otic
Ciliary
Mandibular

Front 461

At what level is a lumbar puncture performed?

Back 461

L3-L4 / L4-L5

Front 462

What is the tree of life - arbor vitae?

Back 462

The white matter of cerebellum

Front 463

Structural parts of cerebellum?

Back 463

Anerior/posterior lobe
Flocculonodular lobe
Vermis

Front 464

What is the main functions of cerebellum?

Back 464

Balance
Muscle tone
Posture
MOvement

UNCONSCIOUS level

Front 465

In cerebellum - where can we find the nuclei?

Back 465

Buried within the white matter - tree of life

Front 466

Name 3 histologically layers of cortex of cerebellum?

Back 466

1. Molecular layer
2. Purkinje cell layer
3. Granular layer

Front 467

Afferent fibers to cerebellum comes from?

Back 467

Spinocerebellar fibers (SC)
Vestibulocerebellar fibers (vestibular nucl.)
Pontocerebellar fibers (pons)

Front 468

Name 2 cortex fibers in cerebellum?

Back 468

Mossy and climbing fibers

Front 469

As what fibers does all afferents to cerebellum (except from inf. olivary nucl.) end?

Back 469

Mossy fibers

Front 470

Name the 4 nuclei of cerebellum

Back 470

Fastigial
Globose
Emboliform
Dentate(=largest, look like olivary nuclei in medulla)

Front 471

From which nuclei does the cerebellar cortex receive afferents?

Back 471

Inf. olivary nuclei
Vestibular nuclei
Pontine nuclei
Reticular nuclei
+ Spinocerebellar tracts

Front 472

Destinations of cerebellar efferent fibers?

Back 472

Vestibular nuclei (med.+pons)
Ventral lateral nucleus (VPN) of thalamus

Front 473

Function of archiecerebellum?

Back 473

Balance

- vestibular(!) and reticular nuclei connection through inferior cerebral peduncle

Front 474

Function of paleocerebellum?

Back 474

Muscle tone and posture

Front 475

Function of neocerebellum?

Back 475

Muscular coordination

- pontine --> middle cerebral peduncle -->lat. cerebellar hemisphere

Front 476

1

Back 476

Fornix

Front 477

2

Back 477

Interventricular foramen

Front 478

3

Back 478

Fornix

Front 479

4

Back 479

Anterior commissure

Front 480

5

Back 480

Optic chiasma

Front 481

6

Back 481

Optic nerve

Front 482

7

Back 482

Hypothalamus

Front 483

8

Back 483

Mamillary body

Front 484

9

Back 484

Hypothalamic sulcus

Front 485

10

Back 485

Cerebran aqueduct

Front 486

11

Back 486

Pineal gland

Front 487

12

Back 487

Habenula - "stalk of pineal gland"

Front 488

13

Back 488

Stria medullaris of thalamus

Front 489

14

Back 489

Thalamus

Front 490

15

Back 490

Massa interna

Front 491

What does epithalamus consist of?

Back 491

Pineal gland(=melatonin)
Habenular nuclei

Front 492

What is the zona inserta of thalamus?

Back 492

Rostral extension of the brain stem reticular formation

Front 493

Components of sub thalamus?

Back 493

Zona inserta
Subthalamic nuclei

Front 494

Parts of thalamus with limbic connections?

Back 494

Stria medullaris
Stria terminalis

Front 495

Thalamus: 1

Back 495

Ventral anterior nucleus

Front 496

Thalamus: 2

Back 496

Globus pallidus

Front 497

Thalamus: 3

Back 497

Fornix

Front 498

Thalamus: 4

Back 498

Hypothalamus

Front 499

Thalamus: 5

Back 499

Optic tract

Front 500

Thalamus: 6

Back 500

Third ventricle

Front 501

Thalamus: 7

Back 501

Anterior nuclear group

Front 502

Thalamus: 8

Back 502

Internal medullary lamina

(thin layer of nerve fibers, afferent and efferent to thalamic nuclei)

Front 503

Thalamus: 1

Back 503

Reticular nucleus

Front 504

Thalamus: 2

Back 504

Ventral lateral nucleus

Front 505

Thalamus: 3

Back 505

Zona inserta

Front 506

Thalamus: 4

Back 506

Subthalamic nucleus

Front 507

Thalamus: 5

Back 507

Pons

Front 508

Thalamus: 6

Back 508

Internal capsule

Front 509

Thalamus: 7

Back 509

Stria terminalis

Front 510

Thalamus: 8

Back 510

Stria medullaris

Front 511

Thalamus: 9

Back 511

Mediodorsal nucleus

Front 512

Thalamus: 10

Back 512

Caudate nucleus

Front 513

The thalamus is divided into 3 nuclear masses (which) by what?

Back 513

Anterior, medial, lateral nuclear masses

- By internal medullary lamina

Front 514

Which of the thalamic nuclei does NOT go to the cerebral cortex?

Back 514

Reticular nuclei

Front 515

Thalamus: 1

Back 515

Anterior nuclear group - to cingulate cortex

Front 516

Thalamus: 2

Back 516

Ventral anterior nuclei (VA) --> Premotor cortex

Front 517

Thalamus: 3

Back 517

Ventral lateral (VL) nuclei --> To primary motor cortex

Front 518

Thalamus: 4

Back 518

Ventral posterolateral (VPL) --> To somatosensory cortex

Front 519

Thalamus: 5

Back 519

Lateral geniculate (LG) nuclei --> Visual cortex

Front 520

Thalamus: 6

Back 520

Medial geniculate (MG) nuclei --> To auditory cortex

Front 521

Thalamus: 7

Back 521

Medial nuclear group --> To prefrontal cortex

Front 522

Thalamus: 8

Back 522

Internal medullary lamina

Front 523

Thalamus: 9

Back 523

Lateral dorsal (LD) nuclei

Front 524

Thalamus: 10

Back 524

Lateral posterior (LP) nuclei

Front 525

Thalamus: 11

Back 525

Pulvinar nuclei

Front 526

Which nuclei lies like a capsule around thalamus laterally?

Back 526

Retiular nucleus

Front 527

The anterior nuclear group of thalamus is part of the?

Back 527

Limbic system

Front 528

Which nuclei lies like a capsule around thalamus?

Back 528

Retiular nucleus

Front 529

The anterior nuclear group of thalamus is part of the?

Back 529

Limbic system

Front 530

1

Back 530

Precentral gyrus

Front 531

2

Back 531

Superior frontal gyrus

Front 532

3

Back 532

Middle frontal gyrus

Front 533

4

Back 533

Inferior frontal gyrus

Front 534

5

Back 534

Superior temporal gyrus

Front 535

6

Back 535

Lateral fissure

Front 536

7

Back 536

Middle temporal gyrus

Front 537

8

Back 537

Inferior temporal gyrus

Front 538

9

Back 538

Intraparietal sulcus

Front 539

10

Back 539

Postcentral sulcus

Front 540

11

Back 540

Central sulcus

Front 541

1

Back 541

Central sulcus

Front 542

2

Back 542

Precentral gyrus

Front 543

3

Back 543

Cingulate sulcus

Front 544

4

Back 544

Fonrix

Front 545

5

Back 545

Uncus

Front 546

7

Back 546

Calcarine sulcus

Front 547

7

Back 547

Calcarine sulcus

Front 548

8

Back 548

Cingulate gyrus

Front 549

9

Back 549

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Front 550

10

Back 550

Postcentral cyrus

Front 551

1

Back 551

Corpus callosum

Front 552

2

Back 552

Head of caudate nucleus

Front 553

3

Back 553

Anterior horn of lateral ventricle

Front 554

1

Back 554

Head of caudate nucleus

Front 555

2

Back 555

Anterior limb of internal capsule

Front 556

1

Back 556

Anterior horn of lateral ventricle

Front 557

2

Back 557

Temporal lobe

Front 558

3

Back 558

Septum pellucidum

Front 559

4

Back 559

Corpus callosum

Front 560

1

Back 560

Anterior limb of internal capsule

Front 561

2

Back 561

Nucleus accumbens

Front 562

3

Back 562

Septum

Front 563

4

Back 563

Putamen

Front 564

5

Back 564

Caudate nucleus

Front 565

6

Back 565

Septum pellucidum

Front 566

1

Back 566

Corona radiata

Front 567

2

Back 567

Extreme capsule

Front 568

2

Back 568

Extreme capsule

Front 569

3

Back 569

External capsule

Front 570

4

Back 570

Putamen

Front 571

5

Back 571

Globus pallidus

Front 572

6

Back 572

Substantia innominata => Unnamed substance

Front 573

7

Back 573

Anterior column of fornix

Front 574

8

Back 574

Anterior commissure

Front 575

9

Back 575

Internal capsule

Front 576

The one without number

Back 576

Insula

Front 577

1

Back 577

Caudate nucleus

Front 578

2

Back 578

Lateral medullary lamina

Front 579

3

Back 579

Globus pallidus - external and internal segment

Front 580

4

Back 580

Amygdala - limbic

Front 581

5

Back 581

Mamillary body - part of hypothalamus and limbic system => Recognition memory

Front 582

6

Back 582

Hippocampus

Front 583

7

Back 583

Claustrum

Front 584

8

Back 584

Fornix

Front 585

9

Back 585

Lateral fissure

Front 586

1

Back 586

Insula

Front 587

2

Back 587

Tail of caudate nucleus

Front 588

3

Back 588

Hippocampus

Front 589

4

Back 589

Subthalamic nucleus

Front 590

5

Back 590

Substantia nigra (of midbrain)

Front 591

6

Back 591

Third ventricle

Front 592

7

Back 592

Thalamus

Front 593

8

Back 593

Internal capsule

Front 594

1

Back 594

Fornix

Front 595

2

Back 595

Inferior horn of lateral ventricle

Front 596

3

Back 596

Crus cerebri

Front 597

4

Back 597

Substantia nigra

Front 598

5

Back 598

Red nucleus

Front 599

6

Back 599

Thalamus

Front 600

7

Back 600

Great longitudinal fissure

Front 601

1

Back 601

Lateral fissure

Front 602

2

Back 602

Tail of caudate nucleus

Front 603

3

Back 603

Temporal lobe

Front 604

4

Back 604

Lateral geniculate body

Front 605

5

Back 605

Pons

Front 606

6

Back 606

Posterior commissure

Front 607

7

Back 607

Habenula

Front 608

1

Back 608

Pulvinar

Front 609

2

Back 609

Hippocampus

Front 610

3

Back 610

Brachium conjunctivum => Superior cerebellar peduncle

Front 611

4

Back 611

Cerebral aqueduct

Front 612

5

Back 612

Pedunculopontine nucleus

Front 613

6

Back 613

Pineal gland

Front 614

7

Back 614

Fornix - connecting hippocampus with hypothalamus

Front 615

1

Back 615

Head of caudate nucleus

Front 616

2

Back 616

Putamen

Front 617

3

Back 617

Globus pallidus

Front 618

4

Back 618

Thalamus

Front 619

5

Back 619

Splenium of corpus callosum

Front 620

6

Back 620

Tail of caudate nucleus

Front 621

7

Back 621

Retrolenticular part of INTERNAL CAPSULE

Front 622

8

Back 622

Posterior limb of internal capsule

Front 623

9

Back 623

Claustrum

Front 624

10

Back 624

External capsule

Front 625

11

Back 625

Extreme capsule

Front 626

12

Back 626

Insula

Front 627

13

Back 627

Anterior limb of internal capsule

Front 628

14

Back 628

Rostrum of corpus callosum

Front 629

1

Back 629

Area 4: Primary motor cortex =

Precentral gyrus

Front 630

2

Back 630

Area 6 - Premotor cortex

Front 631

3

Back 631

Area 8 - Frontal eyefield

Front 632

4

Back 632

Prefrontal cortex

Front 633

5

Back 633

Area 44,45 - SPEECH =

Brochas area

Front 634

6

Back 634

Lateral fissure

Front 635

7

Back 635

Superior temporal gyrus

Front 636

8

Back 636

Area 41 and 42 - Primary AUDITORY cortex

Front 637

9

Back 637

Primary visual cortex

Front 638

10

Back 638

Area 22 - SPEECH =

Wernicke´s area

Front 639

11

Back 639

Inferior parietal lobule

Front 640

12

Back 640

Intraparietal sulcus

Front 641

13

Back 641

Superior parietal lobule

Front 642

14

Back 642

Area 1,2,3 - Primary somatosensory cortex

Postcentral cyrus

Front 643

15

Back 643

Central sulcus

Front 644

Name the most import an cerebral nuclei and what they are collectively called?

Back 644

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

Called BASAL GANGLIA or corpus striatum

Front 645

Name the brain lobes?

Back 645

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

Front 646

The structure overlying the insula is called?

Back 646

Opercula

Front 647

What divides the parietal lobe into inferior and superior parietal lobules?

Back 647

Intraparietal sulcus

Front 648

What divides the parietal and occipital lobe of brain?

Back 648

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Front 649

Where does the thalamocortical neurons terminate?

Back 649

In the primary somatosensory cortex - Brodmanns area 1,2 and 3

Front 650

Fibers sensation of medial lemniscus?

Back 650

Fine touch and proprioception

Front 651

Fibers sensation of spinal lemniscus?

Back 651

Coarse touch and pressure

Front 652

Fibers sensation of spinothalamic tract?

Back 652

Pain and temperature

Front 653

Fibers sensation of trigeminothalamic tract?

Back 653

General sensation of head

Front 654

Function of hippocampus?

Back 654

Part of limbic system - memory and emotional aspects of behaviour

Front 655

Parts of the limbic system?

Back 655

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Anterior thalamic nuclei
Septum
Limic cortex
Fornix

Front 656

From which region of thalamus does the primary visual cortex receive fibers?

Back 656

From lateral geniculate body

Front 657

Movements from supplementary motor cortex involve?

Back 657

Axial and proximal musculature

Front 658

Name the three types of white matter fibers in cerebral hemispheres?

Back 658

- Association fibers
- Commisural fibers
- Projection fibers

Front 659

Association fibers: Brain: Function?

Back 659

Interconnect cortical sites within ONE cerebral hemisphere

Front 660

Functin of commissural fibers of white matter in cerebral hemispheres?

Back 660

Connect one cerebral hemisphere to the OTHER one - connecting functional related structures

Front 661

Function of projection fibers of white matter in cerebral hemispheres?

Back 661

Connect cortex to subcortical structures as: Thalamus, basal ganglia, brain stem or spinal cord

Front 662

Which types of cerebral fibers goes through the internal capsule?

Back 662

Projection fibers

Front 663

Lentiform nucleus of basal ganglia is made up by what?

Back 663

Putamen and globus pallidus

Front 664

Paleostriatum is a part of the corpus striatum (basal ganglia) - which? What is it also called?

Back 664

Globus pallidus - because its the oldert part. Also called PALLIDUM

Front 665

Neostratium is a part of the corpus striatum (basal ganglia) - which?

Back 665

Caudate nucleus and putamen - because its the newest part.

Front 666

Caudate nucleus and putamen is almost completely separated by what?

Back 666

Anterior limb of anterior capsule

Front 667

1

Back 667

Head of caudate nucleus

Front 668

2

Back 668

External capsule

Front 669

3

Back 669

Putamen

Front 670

4

Back 670

Extreme capsule

Front 671

5

Back 671

Claustrum

Front 672

6

Back 672

Cortex of insula

Front 673

7

Back 673

Posterior limb of internal capsule

Front 674

8

Back 674

Medial medullary lamina

Front 675

9

Back 675

Globus pallidus - internal segment

Front 676

10

Back 676

Globus pallidus - external segment

Front 677

11

Back 677

Lateral medullary lamina

Front 678

12

Back 678

Anterior limb of internal capsule

Front 679

13

Back 679

Anterior horn of lateral ventricle

Front 680

What is the primary function of the corpus striatum (basal ganglia)?

Back 680

Control of posture and movement

Front 681

Where does the afferent fibers to corpus striatum come from?

Back 681

Cerebral cortex (corticostriatal)
Thalamus (thalamostriatal)
Substantia nigra (nigrostriatal)

Front 682

Where does the efferent fibers from corpus striatum go to?

Back 682

Globus pallidus (striatopallidal)
Substantia nigra (striatonigral)

Front 683

Where does the pallidal afferent fibers come from?

Back 683

Striatum and subthalamic nuclei

Front 684

External pallidal segment project fibers to?

Back 684

Subthalamic nucleus

Front 685

Internal pallidal segment project fibers to?

Back 685

Thalamus

Front 686

Fibers of optic nerve undergo hemidecussation in optic chiasma and project to?

Back 686

Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus

Front 687

The extraocular muscles are attached to?

Back 687

Sclera

Front 688

Name of 1st and 2nd order neurons in the retina?

Back 688

1st = Bipolar cells
2nd = Ganglion cells - form optic nerve

Front 689

Pathway of optic nerve?

Back 689

Optic nerve --> Optic chiasma --> Optic tract --> Lateral geniculate bodies --> Optic radiation to the visual cortex

Front 690

What is the name of the accumulation of cones in retina?

Back 690

Fovea centralis - macula densa(surrounding 1 cm)

Front 691

Where does the axons of the retinal ganglion accumulate?

Back 691

In the optic disc => Blind spot

Front 692

Some fibers from optic chiasma is responsible for pupillary reflex... Which pathway does they take?

Back 692

To pretectal area and superior colliculus

Front 693

Cut 1 = ?

Back 693

Monocular blindness

Front 694

Cut 2 = ?

Back 694

Bitemporal hemianopia

Front 695

Cut 3 = ?

Back 695

Homonymous hemianopia

Front 696

Cerebral hemisphere: What interconnects the frontal and occipital lobes?

Back 696

Superior longitudinal fasciculus

Front 697

Cerebral hemisphere: What interconnects frontal and temporal lobes?

Back 697

Arcuate fasciculus

Front 698

Cerebral hemisphere: What interconnects occipital and temporal lobes?

Back 698

Inferior longitudinal fasciculus

Front 699

Cerebral hemisphere: What interconnects frontal lobe and temporal gyri, regulating behaviour?

Back 699

Uncinate fasciculus

Front 700

Cerebral hemisphere: What lies in cingulate gyrus, coarse around corpus collosum and interconnect frontal and parietal lobes, with parahippocampal and temporal gyri?

Back 700

Cingulate gyri

Front 701

Solitary nuclei of medulla function?

Back 701

Send signals to hypothalamus about aut.nervous sys => baroreception and chemoreception

Front 702

Hypothalamus have 2 main input.. What?

Back 702

Circulatory: From solitary nuclei of medulla

Neural: From reticular formation in midbrain and monoaminergic nuclei in forebrain

Front 703

Name 2 importan nucleus of hypothalamus?

Back 703

Supraoptic nucleus => Vasopressin
Paraventricular nucleus => Oxytocin
Suprachiasmatic nucleus=> Circadian rythm
Ventromedial nucleus=> Food/fluid intake
Medial mamillary nucleus=>Limbic

Front 704

Hypothalamus is a part of the?

Back 704

Diencephalon

Front 705

What connects hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

Back 705

Infundulum

Front 706

Most important function of hypothalamus?

Back 706

Homeostasis

Front 707

Hippocampal formation consist of?

Back 707

Hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus

Front 708

Amygdala is located near which lobe?

Back 708

Temporal lobe

Front 709

Where does olfactory tract terminate?

Back 709

Primary olfactory cortex of the UNCUS

Front 710

What does changes in homeostasis via the autonomic system?

Back 710

Hypothalamus

Front 711

Where is a preganglionic cell body located?

Back 711

In spinal cord or brain stem

Front 712

Where is a postganglionic cell body located?

Back 712

Peripherally in an autonomic ganglion

Front 713

Other name for sympathetic system? (hint:where it innervates)

Back 713

Thoracolumbar system

Front 714

Other name for parasympathetic system? (hint: where it innervates)

Back 714

Craniosacral system

Front 715

Which autonomic system is responsible for fight/flight/freeze?

Back 715

Sympathetic system

Front 716

Which cranial nerves have parasympathetic fibers?

Back 716

Oculomotor
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus

Front 717

Which plexuses in the alimentary system have parasympathetic innervation?

Back 717

Auerbach´s and Meissner´s plexus

Front 718

Sympathetic effect on iris of eye?

Back 718

Dilation

Front 719

Sympathetic effect on ciliary muscles?

Back 719

Relaxes

Front 720

Sympathetic effect on salivary glands?

Back 720

Decrease secretion

Front 721

Sympathetic effect on lacrimal glands?

Back 721

Decrease secretion

Front 722

Sympathetic effect on heart?

Back 722

Increase HR, force contraction

Front 723

Sympathetic effect on bronchi?

Back 723

Dilation

Front 724

Sympathetic effect on GIT tract?

Back 724

Decrease motility

Front 725

Sympathetic effect on sweat glands?

Back 725

Increase secretion

Front 726

Sympathetic effect on erector pilii muscles?

Back 726

Contracts

Front 727

Parasympathetic effect on iris of eye?

Back 727

Constricts pupil

Front 728

Parasympathetic effect on ciliary muscles?

Back 728

Contracts

Front 729

Parasympathetic effect on salivary glands?

Back 729

Increase secretion

Front 730

Parasympathetic effect on lacrimal glands?

Back 730

Increase secretion

Front 731

Parasympathetic effect on heart?

Back 731

Decreases heart rate

Front 732

Parasympathetic effect on bronchi?

Back 732

Constrict

Front 733

Parasympathetic effect on GIT tract?

Back 733

Increase motility

Front 734

Ganglion of oculomotor nerve?

Back 734

Ciliary ganglion

Front 735

Ganglion of facial nerve?

Back 735

Pterygopalatine ganglion
Submandibular ganglion

Front 736

Ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve?

Back 736

Otic ganglion

Front 737

Does vagus nerve have a ganglion?

Back 737

No - it interconnects in the wall of visceral organs

Front 738

Which structures goes through optic canal?

Back 738

Optic nerve
Opthalmic artery

Front 739

Which structures goes through superior orbital fissure?

Back 739

Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Abducens nerve
Opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve

Front 740

What goes through foramen rotundum?

Back 740

Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve

Front 741

What goes through foramen ovale?

Back 741

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

Front 742

What goes through foramen spinosum?

Back 742

Middle meningeal artery

Front 743

What goes through the foramen magnum?

Back 743

Medulla oblongata
Vertebral arteries
Spinal root of accessory nerve

Front 744

What goes through the hypoglossal canal?

Back 744

Hypoglossal nerve

Front 745

What goes through the jugular foramen?

Back 745

Internal jugular vein
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve

Front 746

What goes through the internal acoustic meatus?

Back 746

Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 747

1

Back 747

Frontal sinus

Front 748

2

Back 748

Christa galli

Front 749

3

Back 749

Cribriform plate

Front 750

4

Back 750

Optic canal

Front 751

5

Back 751

Foramen lacerum

Front 752

6

Back 752

Foramen ovale

Front 753

7

Back 753

Clivus

Front 754

8

Back 754

Internal acoustic meatus

Front 755

9

Back 755

Jugular foramen

Front 756

10

Back 756

Hypoglossal canal

Front 757

11

Back 757

Foramen magnum

Front 758

12

Back 758

Post. clinoid process

Front 759

13

Back 759

Foramen rotundum

Front 760

14

Back 760

Anterior clinoid process

Front 761

15

Back 761

Superior orbital fissure

Front 762

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

Back 762

Horizontal shelf of dura mater in the brain

Front 763

Name 2 subarachnoid cisterns?

Back 763

Cisterna magna: Between cerebellum and medulla

Interpeduncular cistern: Base of brain, where the optic chasma is.

Front 764

In which brain layer can we find the middle meningeal artery?

Back 764

Within dura mater

Front 765

What is the roof of 4th ventricle formed by?

Back 765

Cerebellum

Front 766

Foramen Magendia provide communication from 4th ventricle to?

Back 766

Cisterna magna

Front 767

What connects the 3rd and 4th cerebral ventricle?

Back 767

Cerebral aqueduct

Front 768

What connects the 3rd cerebral ventricle with 2 lateral cerebral ventricles?

Back 768

Foramen of Monro / interventricular foramen

Front 769

Where can we find the CSF producing choroid plexus?

Back 769

In the lateral walls of 3rd and 4th ventricles

Front 770

How much CSF is circulating at once in the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces?

Back 770

Approx. 150 mL

Front 771

With age - arachnoid villi (resorbs CSF) will hypertrophy to?

Back 771

Arachnoid granulations

Front 772

Where is CSF drained into subarachnoid space?

Back 772

In 4th ventricle - foramen Magendie and foramen Luschka

Front 773

What supplies the spinal cord with blood?

Back 773

Anterior and posterior spinal arteries (from vertebral arteries)
radicular arteries (following spinal nerves)

Front 774

Venous drainage of spinal cord?

Back 774

Ant/post spinal veins --> Radicualr veins --< internal vertebral venous plexus

Front 775

What is the main blood supply for the brain?

Back 775

2 internal carotid arteries
2 vertebral arteries

Front 776

1

Back 776

Optic chasma

Front 777

2

Back 777

Internal carotid artery

Front 778

3

Back 778

Infundulum

Front 779

4

Back 779

Trochlear nerve

Front 780

5

Back 780

Oculomotor nerve

Front 781

6

Back 781

Optic tract

Front 782

7

Back 782

Trigeminal nerve

Front 783

8

Back 783

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery

Front 784

9

Back 784

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Front 785

10

Back 785

Medulla oblongata

Front 786

11

Back 786

Anterior spinal artery

Front 787

12

Back 787

Vertebral artery

Front 788

13

Back 788

Pons

Front 789

14

Back 789

Basilar artery

Front 790

15

Back 790

Superior cerebellar artery

Front 791

16

Back 791

Posterior CEREBRAL artery

Front 792

17

Back 792

Mamillary body

Front 793

18

Back 793

Cerebral peduncle

Front 794

19

Back 794

Posterior communicating artery

Front 795

20

Back 795

Middle cerebral artery

Front 796

20

Back 796

Middle cerebral artery

Front 797

21

Back 797

Optic nerve

Front 798

22

Back 798

Anterior cerebral artery

Front 799

23

Back 799

Anterior communicating artery

Front 800

Internal carotid artery splits into what branches?

Back 800

Hypophyseal arteries
Opthalmic artery
Anterior choroidal artery

Front 801

Name 3 sorts of vessels that contribute to venous drainage of the brain?

Back 801

Deep cerebral veins
Superficial veins
Dural venous sinuses

Front 802

Name 5 venous sinuses of the brain?

Back 802

Sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Transverse sinus
Sigmoid sinus
Cavernous sinus

Front 803

Which of the following is most likely a gray matter structure?

- Lateral lemniscus
- Basal nuclei
- Medial longitudinal fasciculus
- Superior cerebellar peduncle
- Basal ganglia

Back 803

Basal ganglia

Front 804

Name 3 typical nervous structures formed by gray matter?

Back 804

Nuclei
Cerebral cortex
Substantia nigra

Front 805

Name at least 4 ascending spinal cord tracts?

Back 805

Spinothalamic
Spinotectal
Spinobulbar
Spinocerebellar

Front 806

Name the cranial nerves which contain vegetative axons?

Back 806

Oculomotor
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus

Front 807

Name sympathetic ganliga of the neck

Back 807

Superior cervical
Inferior cervical
Stellate ganglia

Front 808

In which structure is the synapse of the 1st order neuron to the 2nd one in the trigeminothalamic tract?

Back 808

Sensory trigeminal nuclei

Front 809

Which spinal segments supply the dermatomes of the scalp?

Back 809

C2 and trigeminal nerve supply face..

Front 810

CSF is absorbed in?

Back 810

The venous sinuses through arachnoid granulations and villi

Front 811

RAdicular fibers for the phrenic nerve arise from which segments of spinal cord?

Back 811

C3 and C4

Front 812

The corner of the mouth hangs down by paralysis of which nerve?

Back 812

Facial nerve

Front 813

Cerebellum receives impulses from the?

Back 813

Spinocerebellar nucleus
Inferior olivary nucleus
Vestibular nucleus
Pons

Front 814

If there is ONE thing you fittegutt should know about PYRAMIDAL and EXTRAPYRAMIDAL motor pathways it is what?

Back 814

Pyramidal: Self controlled motor movements (e.g. limbs)
Extrapyramidal: Uncontrolled motor movements (e.g. organs)

Front 815

What is the fornix of the brain?

Back 815

The fornix is a C-shaped bundle of fibers that carries signals from HIPPOCAMPUS to HYPOTHALAMUS

Front 816

Which cranial nerve innervates the skin of the nose?

Back 816

Trigeminal-ophtalmic branch

Front 817

Cerebellum receives impulses from the?

Back 817

Spinocerebellar nucleus
Inferior olivary nucleus
Vestibular nucleus
Pons

Front 818

Name at least 3 folds of dura mater?

Back 818

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Diaphragma sellae

Front 819

Brainstem consist of 3 following parts?

Back 819

Medulla oblongata
Pons of Varol
Midbrain

Front 820

List at least 5 structures traversing the cavernous sinus? (behind sphenoidal air sinus)

Back 820

Internal carotid artery
Occulomotor nerve
Abducens nerve
Trochlear nerve
Opthalmic nerve

Front 821

In mesencephalon are located nuclei of which cranial nerves?

Back 821

Oculomotor
Trochlear

Front 822

Which area in brain cortex is responsible for speech?

Back 822

44 and 45

Front 823

Which cranial nerve innervates the skin of the nose?

Back 823

Trigeminal-ophtalmic branch

Front 824

Which area in brain cortex is responsible for vision?

Back 824

17 - primary visual cortex, calcarine sulcus

Front 825

Name at least 3 folds of dura mater?

Back 825

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Diaphragma sellae

Front 826

Which area in brain cortex is responsible for hearing?

Back 826

41 and 42 - heschl´s convolutions

Front 827

List at least 5 structures traversing the cavernous sinus? (behind sphenoidal air sinus)

Back 827

Internal carotid artery
Occulomotor nerve
Abducens nerve
Trochlear nerve
Opthalmic nerve

Front 828

What innervates parotid gland?

Back 828

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 829

Which area in brain cortex is responsible for speech?

Back 829

44 and 45

Front 830

Which area in brain cortex is responsible for vision?

Back 830

17 - primary visual cortex, calcarine sulcus

Front 831

Spinal lemniscus contain tract?

Back 831

Spinothalamic tract

Front 832

What innervates parotid gland?

Back 832

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 833

Cerebellum receives impulses from the?

Back 833

Spinocerebellar nucleus
Inferior olivary nucleus
Vestibular nucleus
Pons

Front 834

Cerebellum receives impulses from the?

Back 834

Spinocerebellar nucleus
Inferior olivary nucleus
Vestibular nucleus
Pons

Front 835

Brainstem consist of 3 following parts?

Back 835

Medulla oblongata
Pons of Varol
Midbrain

Front 836

Brainstem consist of 3 following parts?

Back 836

Medulla oblongata
Pons of Varol
Midbrain

Front 837

In mesencephalon are located nuclei of which cranial nerves?

Back 837

Oculomotor
Trochlear

Front 838

In mesencephalon are located nuclei of which cranial nerves?

Back 838

Oculomotor
Trochlear

Front 839

Which cranial nerve innervates the skin of the nose?

Back 839

Trigeminal-ophtalmic branch

Front 840

Which cranial nerve innervates the skin of the nose?

Back 840

Trigeminal-ophtalmic branch

Front 841

Name at least 3 folds of dura mater?

Back 841

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Diaphragma sellae

Front 842

Function of caudate nucleus?

Back 842

Emotion
Memory
Learning

Front 843

List at least 5 structures traversing the cavernous sinus? (behind sphenoidal air sinus)

Back 843

Internal carotid artery
Occulomotor nerve
Abducens nerve
Trochlear nerve
Opthalmic nerve

Front 844

List at least 5 structures traversing the cavernous sinus? (behind sphenoidal air sinus)

Back 844

Internal carotid artery
Occulomotor nerve
Abducens nerve
Trochlear nerve
Opthalmic nerve

Front 845

Which area in brain cortex is responsible for speech?

Back 845

44 and 45

Front 846

Which area in brain cortex is responsible for speech?

Back 846

44 and 45

Front 847

Which area in brain cortex is responsible for vision?

Back 847

17 - primary visual cortex, calcarine sulcus

Front 848

Which area in brain cortex is responsible for vision?

Back 848

17 - primary visual cortex, calcarine sulcus

Front 849

Which area in brain cortex is responsible for hearing?

Back 849

41 and 42 - heschl´s convolutions

Front 850

Which area in brain cortex is responsible for hearing?

Back 850

41 and 42 - heschl´s convolutions

Front 851

What innervates parotid gland?

Back 851

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 852

What innervates parotid gland?

Back 852

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 853

What is the efferent limb of corneal reflex?

Back 853

Facial nerve

Front 854

What is the efferent limb of the gag reflex?

Back 854

Vagus nerve

Front 855

What is the efferent limb of corneal reflex?

Back 855

Facial nerve

Front 856

What innervates the mimetic muscles?

Back 856

Facial nerve

Front 857

What is the efferent limb of the gag reflex?

Back 857

Vagus nerve

Front 858

What innervates the mimetic muscles?

Back 858

Facial nerve

Front 859

What is a pure motor nerve?

Back 859

Accessory nerve

Front 860

What is a pure motor nerve?

Back 860

Accessory nerve

Front 861

By protopathic pathway are carried these modalities:

Back 861

Pain
Rough touch
Pressure
Temperature

Front 862

By protopathic pathway are carried these modalities:

Back 862

Pain
Rough touch
Pressure
Temperature

Front 863

Which pathways convey pain from the oral cavity?

Back 863

Trigeminothalamic pathway

Front 864

Which pathways convey pain from the oral cavity?

Back 864

Trigeminothalamic pathway

Front 865

Which tract innervates somatomotor nuclei of the cranial nerves?

Back 865

Corticospinal

Front 866

Which tract innervates somatomotor nuclei of the cranial nerves?

Back 866

Corticospinal

Front 867

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers for submandibular and sublingual salivary gland originate in?

Back 867

Superior salivatory nucleus

Front 868

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers for submandibular and sublingual salivary gland originate in?

Back 868

Superior salivatory nucleus

Front 869

Explain the corneal reflex - afferent and efferent branch

Back 869

Corneal reflex is closure of eyelids upon action of trigeminal nerve fibers as afferent and facial nerve fibers as efferent

Front 870

Explain the corneal reflex - afferent and efferent branch

Back 870

Corneal reflex is closure of eyelids upon action of trigeminal nerve fibers as afferent and facial nerve fibers as efferent

Front 871

Name the structures that connect to paravertebral sympathetic ganglia with the spinal nerves?

Back 871

Gray and white communicating branches

Front 872

Name the structures that connect to paravertebral sympathetic ganglia with the spinal nerves?

Back 872

Gray and white communicating branches

Front 873

Difference between root and ramus of spinal nerve?

Back 873

Root: Only afferent or efferent
Ramus: Both

Front 874

Define a dermatome?

Back 874

Area of skin which is innervated by a spinal segment (or branch of trigeminal nerve - face)

Front 875

What is the name of the arterial anastomosis system located at the ventral aspect of the brain?

Back 875

Circle of Willis

Front 876

Define the term motor unit

Back 876

A motor unit is the alpha motor neurons and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Front 877

Which type of sensory terminals innervate the muscle spindles?

Back 877

Stertch receptor on intrafusal muscle fibers

Front 878

Which cortical areas does the pyramidal tract arise from?

Back 878

Brodmans area 1,2,3 - in the post central gyrus

Front 879

List those cranial nerves containing sensory fibers?

Back 879

Olfactory
Optic
Trigeminal
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal

Front 880

Name the structures and the tracts of the brain which form the ring of PAPEZ

Back 880

Mamillary body
Anterior nuclei of thalamus
Cingulate gyrus
Fornix
Parahippocampal gyrus
Hippocampus

Front 881

What is a neuron and what is its composition?

Back 881

A basic and functional unit of the nervous system

Front 882

What is the circuit of Papez?

Back 882

Circuit of the limbic system - mainly for emotions

Front 883

Lacrimal gland is innervated by?

Back 883

Lacrimal nerve - of zygomatic nerve - of facial nerve

Front 884

Which nerve innervates skin of posterior side of thigh?

Back 884

S2

Front 885

Brodmans area 51?

Back 885

Olfactory

Front 886

Brodmanns area 39/40?

Back 886

Speech

Front 887

Brodmanns area 6?

Back 887

Association center

Front 888

Brodmanns area 43?

Back 888

Gustatory center

Front 889

Brodmans area 51?

Back 889

Olfactory

Front 890

Brodmanns area 39/40?

Back 890

Speech

Front 891

Brodmanns area 6?

Back 891

Association center

Front 892

Brodmanns area 43?

Back 892

Gustatory center

Front 893

Ventral branches of spinal cord?

Back 893

All plexuses:

Cervical plexus
Brachial plexus
Intercostal plexus
Lumbar plexus
Sacral plexus
Coccygeal plexus

Front 894

Phrenic nerve innervates diaphragm... Where does it come from?

Back 894

C3-C4 segments

Front 895

Parts of midbrain?

Back 895

Tectum
Tegmentum
Cerebral peduncles

Front 896

Centers of tectum of midbrain?

Back 896

Superior colliculi - subcortical optic center
Inferior colliculi - subcortical auditory center

Front 897

CN nuclei of tegmentum of midbrain?

Back 897

Motor nucleus of III
Eddinger-Westphal nucleus III - parasymp.
Motor nucleus of IV - trochlear

Front 898

Subcortical centers of extrapyramidal motor tracts of tegmentum?

Back 898

Nucleus ruber
Substantia niger