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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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craniometry
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study facial growth using skulls of human remains
uses cross sectional method |
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anthropometry
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study facial growth on living people using calipers
uses both longitudinal and cross sectional methods looks at same skeltal landmarks as craniometry but also looks at soft tissue |
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cephlometry
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assessment of craniofacial relations through radiograph
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2 types of cephs
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lateral
PA |
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Advantages of cephlometry
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combines both anthropometry and craniometry
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disadvantage of cephalometry
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it is 2D so you must combine the lat and PA ceph
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color codes and purpose
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different colors are used to assess growth changes
black-prior to Tx (T1) Blue-progress Red-right after finishing Tx Green-recall (T3) |
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how to manage double images while tracing
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with double images, the left side is closer to the film, therefore,there is less magnification and more accuracy on the L side.
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distance from source to object midsagital line
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5 ft
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Basion
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Ba
inferior portion of the occiptal bone and the anterior margin of foramen magnum |
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Articulare
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Ar
point of intersection between the basilar portion of the occipital bone and the posterior border of the condylar process |
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Porion
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Po
most superior part of External Auditory Meatus |
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Sella
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S
cenere of pituitary fossa |
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Nasion
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N
most anterior point of frontonasal suture in median plane |
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Orbitale
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Or
lowest point on inferior margin of the left orbit |
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Posterior Nasal Spin
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most posterior aspect of maxilla
marks the intersection of the anterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa and the floor of the nose |
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ANS
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tip of bong anterior nasal spine
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A point
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subspinale
point of greatest concavity on midline of maxilla. Between prosthion and ANS |
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Prosthion
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Pr
most anterior and inferior aspect of the alveolar process of the maxilla |
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infradentale
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Id
highest most anterior point on the alveolar process of the mandible |
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B point
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submentale
point of greatest concavity on the midline of the mandibular alveolar process. it lies between the infradentale and the pogonion |
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Pog
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most anterior point of bony chin
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Gnathion
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Gn
point of intersection between facial plane and mandibular plane |
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Menton
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Me
most inferior point on bony chin |
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Inferior Go
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tangential point of contact of mandibular plane and gonion
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Posterior Go
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tangential point of contact of ramus plane and gonion
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Gonion
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point of intersection between ramust and mandibular body
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condylion
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Co
most superior posterior point on head of condyle |
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stomion superior
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sts
lowest point of vermillion of upper lip |
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stomion inferior
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sti
most superior point of border of lower lip |
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S-N line
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connects sella to nasion
also known as the anterior cranial base |
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FH
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frankfort horizontal line
line connects the porion to the orbitale horizontal reference plane of the face |
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Palatal Plane
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connects the ANS to PNS
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mandibular plane
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line from inferior border of mandible at gonion to menton
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ANB
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SNA-SNB
should be about 2+-2 |
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Esthetic plane
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line connecting pronasale to spog`
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Y axis
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measured to FHLine
goes from sella to gnathion determine direction of growth of pt mean is 59degrees +-2 lower than 56 is counterclockwise (horizontal) above 61 is vertical growth |
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LMT or L6T
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mesial cusp tip of man first molar
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when tracing, what should be superimposed?
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sella tucica to glabella
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only time cephlometry can be compared
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when cep is taken under exact same conditions
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methods for studying growth
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1.vital staining
2.metallic implants 3.radiography |
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describe vital staining
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a band of red stain followed by and unstained band
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stains/markers used in vital staining
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alizarin red
acid alizarin blue trypan blue chlorthaizines procaine lead acetate radioactive isotopes tetracycline |
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cephalometric equiptment
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cephalostat to hold head (ear rods/nasal rest)
film holder control panel radiation source |
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factors that affect cephalometric radiographs
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1.kVp
2.mA 3.Exposure time 4.Exposure factors -age -weight -type of film |
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advantage of vital staining
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give something to growing bone undergoing remodeling and depending on how much changing is going on the stain goes to where the remodeling is occouring
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gnathostatics
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photo technique that related teeth and bony bases each other and to craniofacial structures
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who obtained the first xray films of skull by lateral view?
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Racini and Carrera
in 1926 |
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who invented the cephalometer?
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Broadbend in 1931
allowed practioner to ID problem areas of craniofacial disproportion and devise detailed therapeutic interventions |
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what does cephalometrics permit?
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observation of discrepancies in mandible, maxilla, dental units, and soft tissue profile
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primary aim of cephalometric analysis
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to localize malocclusion within a tracing of facial bone and soft tissue structures.
the analysis is done by using standardized cephalometric landmarks to construct lines, angles, and imaginery planes which allow linear and angular assesment of dental and facial relationships seen on radiograph |
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class I
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mesiobuccal cusp tip of max first molar align w/buccal groove of man first molar
Class I occlusion demonstrates reasonably normal skeletal and soft tissue profiles |
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Class II
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mesiobuccal cusp tip of max first molar is mesial to buccal groove of man first molar
Class II division I see overjet in ant. pt has downward growth Class II division II pt has lingual tipping of max ant and square jaw |
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Class III
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mesiobuccal cusp of max first premolar is distal to buccal groove of man first premolar
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most common cause of Class III malocclusion
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excessive growth of mandible
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3 basic facial patterns
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1.dolichofacial (vertical)
2.mesofacial 3.brachyfacial(horizontal) |
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open bit
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failure of teeth in both arches to meet properly. observed in posterior or anterior
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deep bites
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most often see in Class II divison I
becuase of excessive overjet the mandibular incisors supraerupt until they come into contact with hard palate |
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orthognathism
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ideal balance between cranial base, maxilla, and mandible, from sag view
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prognathism
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ant postioning of jaws in relation to facial skelton and soft tissue
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retrognathism
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posterior placement of jaw in relation to face
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uses of cephalometric radiography
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eval dentofaical relationships
seperate treatment from growth changes understand difference between skeletal and integumentary profile treatment prediction anatomical basis of racial differences |
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Ptm
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pterygomaxillary fissure
tear drop shape fissure whose anterior limit is max tuberosity and posterior limit is anterior surface of ptyergoid |
