Cranio - 02 - Craniofacial Dev

Front 1

Stomadeum

Back 1

Primitive oral cavity that forms as a result of flexion of the embryo

forms when the buccopharyngeal membrane ruptures on Day-28

Front 2

Branchial Arch 1

Back 2

Subdivides into

frontonasal prominence (top bulge)

maxillary process (middle bulge)

mandibular process (bottom bulge)

Meckel’s Cartilage

Front 3

Which branchial arch is Meckel’s Cartilage derived from?

Back 3

Arch 1

Front 4

Frontonasal prominence

Back 4

Top bulge of Arch 1

Becomes forehead

Forms cephalic/dorsal bounary of primitive oral cavity

Front 5

Maxillary process

Back 5

Middle bulge of Arch 1

Becomes maxillary dental arch

Forms lateral boundary of the primitive oral cavity

Front 6

Mandibular process

Back 6

Bottom bulge of Arch 1

Becomes mandibular dental arch

Forms caudal/ventral border of primitive oral cavity

Front 7

Meckel's Cartilage

Back 7

Derived from Arch 1

Becomes the malleus and incus ossicles of the middle ear

Front 8

Branchial Arch 2

Back 8

Called Hyoid Process

Gives rise to Reichert's Cartilage

Becomes the stapes ossicle of the middle ear

Front 9

What branchial arch gives rise to the Stapes ossicle of the middle ear?

Back 9

Reichert's Cartilage = Branchial Arch 2

Front 10

Pharyngeal Cleft

Back 10

Arises as a result of invaginations in between each Branchial Arch

It is covered by ectoderm on the outside

Front 11

Pharyngeal Pouches

Back 11

Results from the invagination in between each branchial arch

Lines by endoderm on the inside

Front 12

Pharyngeal Cleft 1

Back 12

Develops into External Auditory Canal

Front 13

Tympanic membrane

Back 13

Comprised of ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm because of the fusion of the Pharyngeal cleft and the Pharyngeal pouch

Front 14

What is the aortic arch vessel associated with Arch 1

Back 14

Maxillary Artery

Front 15

What is the aortic arch vessel associated with Arch 2

Back 15

Hyoid and Stapedial Arteries

Front 16

What is the aortic arch vessel associated with Arch 3

Back 16

Common carotid, external carotid, internal carotid

Front 17

What is the aortic arch vessel associated with Arch 4

Back 17

Aortic arch, subclavian

Front 18

What is the aortic arch vessel associated with Arch 5

Back 18

Pulmonary Arteries

Front 19

What is the cranial nerve associated with Arch 1

Back 19

Trigeinal Nerve V1,2,3

Front 20

What is the cranial nerve associated with Arch 2

Back 20

Facial Nerve VII

Front 21

What is the cranial nerve associated with Arch 3

Back 21

Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX

Front 22

What is the cranial nerve associated with Arch 4

Back 22

Vagus Nerve X - Superior Laryngeal

Front 23

What is the muscles associated with Arch 1

Back 23

Muscles of Mastication

Anterior digastric, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor palatini

Front 24

What is the muscles associated with Arch 2

Back 24

Muscles of Expression

Posterior digastric, stylohyoid, stapedeus

Front 25

What is the muscles associated with Arch 3

Back 25

Stylopharyngeus

Front 26

What is the muscles associated with Arch 4

Back 26

Pharyngeal constrictors

Cricothyroid

Levator Palatini

Front 27

Cervical Sinus

Back 27

Space created when Arch 2 grows inferiorly over the other arches and fused with Arch 4

Front 28

What structure is associated with Pharyngeal Pouch 2

Back 28

Palatine Tonsils

Front 29

Which pouch gives rise to the Palatine Tonsils

Back 29

Pouch 2

Front 30

Which structure is associated with Pharyngeal Pouch 3

Back 30

Dorsal - Inferior Parathyroid

Ventral - Thymus Gland

Front 31

What is the cartilage associated with Branchial Arch 3

Back 31

Hyoid Cartilage

Makes the Body and Greater Horn

Front 32

What is the cartilage associated Branchial Arch 4

Back 32

Thyroid Cartilage

Front 33

What structures are associated with Pharyngeal Pouch 4

Back 33

Dorsal - Superior Parathyroid

Ventral - Ultimobranchial body

Front 34

What is the cartilage associated with Branchial Arch 6

Back 34

The remaining laryngeal cartilages

Front 35

What is the nerve associated with branchial arch 6

Back 35

Vagus Nerve X - Recurrent Laryngeal

Front 36

Why does the Inferior Parathyroid begin development above the Superior Parathryoid

Back 36

as the Thymus Gland detached from Pouch #3 and migrated inferiorly, it also pulled the Inferior Parathyroid down along with it

e Inferior Parathyroid eventually broke away and settled in its correct location below the Superior Parathyroid

e Inferior Parathyroid eventually broke away and settled in its correct location below the Superior Parathyroid

Front 37

What is the Ultimobranchial Body?

Back 37

eventually gets incorporated into the Thyroid Gland

Becomes the Parafollicular C-Cells that produce Calcitonin

Front 38

What happens if the Cervical Sinus doesn’t disappear?

Back 38

it becomes a malformation called a Lateral Cervical Cyst

if the cyst seals up, it becomes Internal Branchial Fistula

if the cyst didn’t seal up, it becomes External Branchial Fistula

Front 39

Internal Branchial Fistula

Back 39

an opening to somewhere on the internal mucosal surface of the pharynx

Created when the Lateral Cervical cyst seals up

Front 40

External Branchial Fistula

Back 40

an opening to the outside of the neck, located on the SCM muscle’s anterior border

Created when the Lateral Cervical cyst does not seal up

Front 41

Treacher Collins Syndrome

Back 41

AKA Mandibulofacial Dysostosis

Autosomal dominant defect involving Branchial Arches 1 and 2

Underdevelopment of Mandible, Maxilla, and Zygoma

Malformed ears

Down-slanted eyes

Front 42

Robin Sequence

Back 42

Problems with Branchial Arch 1

Mandible is severely under-developed

Posteriorly placed tongue

Cleft palate

Front 43

DiGeorge Sequence

Back 43

Problems with pouch 3,4

Absence of Thymus and Parathyroid glands

Micrognathia (under-developed Mandible)

Deformed ears

Widely spaced eyes

Front 44

What arches are involved in tongue development?

Back 44

Arches 1,2,3,4

Front 45

What portion of the tongue is formed by Arch 1

Back 45

Anterior 2/3

2 Lateral Swellins and the Tuberculum Impar (middle)

Front 46

What branchial arch gives rise to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Back 46

Arches 2,3,4
CN VII that originated from Arch 2 innervates some of the tongue, therefore 2 is also considered a derivative

Front 47

What nerve is responsible for sensations to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Back 47

CN V3 - Lingual Branch of Mandibular Nerve

Front 48

What nerve is responsible for taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Back 48

CN VII - Chorda Tympani of Facial Nerve

Front 49

What nerve is responsible for taste to the epiglottic region?

Back 49

CN X

Front 50

What nerve is responsible for taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and circumvallate papillae

Back 50

CN IX

Front 51

What nerve is responsible for motor innervation to the tongue muscles?

Back 51

CN XII

Front 52

Ankyloglossia

Back 52

An excessively short lingual frenulum can impede speech, eating, swallowing can be corrected with simple surgery

Front 53

Macroglossia

Back 53

An excessively large tongue associated with everything else being oversized, possible as a result of a pituitary problem

Front 54

Microglossia

Back 54

An excessively small tongue associated with under-development of the mandible and therefore crowded teeth too

Front 55

Bified Tongue

Back 55

the 2 lateral lingual swellings never fused together and remained as 2 separate components like in a snake’s “forked tongue"

Front 56

Aberrant tissue

Back 56

The migration of the thryoid has the potential to break off little pieces of itself, leaving remnants behind most likely to occur at the base of the tongue, behind the foramen cecum

Front 57

Thyroglossal Cyst

Back 57

Can occur along any part of the descending migratory pathway of the Thyroid gland

You can see a bulge under the skin of that area most likely to occur at the midline, inferior to the hyoid bone

Front 58

Thyroglossal fistula

Back 58

Occurs secondarily when a thyroglossal cyst ruptures, resulting in a hole leading to the outside of the body

Front 59

Lingual Thyroid

Back 59

Occurs when the proliferating endoderm cells of the thyroid gland don't migrate or descend down resulting in a fully functional thyroid gland within the oral cavity

Front 60

Merging

Back 60

2 processes exist with a space in between them

Mesenchyme proliferates and pushes the processes inward by filling in the space with tissue

Occurs between Maxillary and Mandibular Processes to narrow the opening of the primitive oral cavity

Occurs between 2 medial nasal processes

Front 61

Fusion

Back 61

Have 2 processes that start growing towards each other and will eventually come into contact

The 2 processes become 1

This occurs in the formation of the secondary palate, between the medial nasal process and maxillary process, and between the lateral nasal process and maxillary process

Front 62

Nasolacrimal Duct

Back 62

Solid mass of cells detaches from the fusion junction of Maxillary Process and Lateral Nasal Process

It hollows out to become the duct

Front 63

Oblique Cleft

Back 63

Formed when the maxillary process and lateral nasal process does not fuse properly after the nasolacrimal duct breaks off

Front 64

Cleft Lip

Back 64

Formed when the maxillary process and medial nasal process does not fuse properly to make the intermaxillary segment

Front 65

Intermaxillary Segment

Back 65

A part of the medial nasal process that will give rise to the Philtrum, upper lip, primary palate, incisive papilla, 4 maxillary incisors, gingiva and bone

Front 66

What forms the Primary Palate?

Back 66

Fusion of the Maxillary Process and Medial Nasal Process

Front 67

Incisive Papilla

Back 67

Where the Primary and Secondary Palates fused

Front 68

Anterior Cleft

Back 68

Involves the primary palate

Could be unlateral or bilateral

Complete or incomplete

Front 69

Posterior Cleft

Back 69

Involves the secondary palate (hard and/or soft)

Front 70

Rathke's Pouch

Back 70

Pinches off from the rest of the external ectoderm to form portion of Pituitary.

Develops into Pars Tuberalis, Pars Distalis, Pars Intermedia and Residual Lumen

Front 71

Infundibulum

Back 71

Pinches off from neural ectoderm

Forms portion of Pituitary Gland

Develops into Neural Stalk and Pars Nervosa

Front 72

Hydrocephalus

Back 72

Blockage of Cerebral Aqueduct

No CSF drainage

Ventricles build-up fluid and pressure

Head gets huge

Front 73

Meningoceis

Back 73

Protrusion of the meninges

Front 74

Meningocephalocele

Back 74

protrusion of the meninges + brain

Front 75

Meningohydrocephalocele

Back 75

protrusion of the meninges + brain + ventricle lumen

Front 76

Spina Bifida

Back 76

due to vertebrae not fusing together to cover & protect the spinal cord

Front 77

Meningomyelocele

Back 77

protrusion of the meninges + spinal cord

Front 78

Rachischisis

Back 78

neural tube fails to close completely

could be the result of 2 possibilities…

folds don’t form

too many folds form

Front 79

synophthalmia

Back 79

2 eyes fused to become 1 (like Cyclops)

Front 80

micro-ophthalmia

Back 80

eyeballs that are too small

Front 81

macro-ophthalmia

Back 81

eyeballs that are too big

Front 82

Statoacoustic Ganglion

Back 82

analogous to neural crest cells

later becomes the CN-VIII ganglion