Cranial Nerves Speech Pathology

Front 1

Section of the nervous system that is composed of gray and white matter

Back 1

CNS, brain and spinal cord

Front 2

Composed of nerve cell bodies

Back 2

Gray matter

Front 3

Composed of myelinated axons

Back 3

White matter

Front 4

Group of nerve fibers within the CNS with a common origin and an common destination

Back 4

Nerve Tract

Front 5

Cluster of nerve cell bodies within the CNS

Back 5

Nucleus

Front 6

Nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord

Back 6

PNS

Front 7

the PNS contains _____ pairs of cranial nerves

Back 7

12

Front 8

The PNS contains _____ pairs of spinal nerves

Back 8

31

Front 9

A group of nerve fibers in the PNS with a common origin and common destination

Back 9

Nerve

Front 10

A cluster of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

Back 10

Ganglion

Front 11

Junction between neurons

Back 11

Synapse

Front 12

Two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Back 12

Sympathetic and Parsympathetic

Front 13

Glial cells that make the BBB

Back 13

astrocytes

Front 14

Glial cells that line cavities

Back 14

Ependymal

Front 15

Glial cells that make phagocytes

Back 15

microglia

Front 16

Glial cells that form myelin

Back 16

oligodendrocytes, schwann cells

Front 17

Nervous sytem that is involuntary

Back 17

autonomic

Front 18

Nervous system that is voluntary

Back 18

Somatic

Front 19

Pathology of the brain causing paralysis, lack of coordination, and other dysfunctions of motor and sensory mechanisms

Back 19

Cerebral Palsy

Front 20

Permanent paralysis of both legs due to injury or disease of the spinal cord

Back 20

Paraplegia

Front 21

Permanent paralysis of arms and legs due to spinal cord injury or certain diseases

Back 21

Quadriplegia

Front 22

Enlarged portion of the neuron containing the nucleus

Back 22

Cell body

Front 23

Cytoplasmic extensions which receive stimuli and conduct impulses to the cell body

Back 23

Dendrites

Front 24

Cylindrical processes that conduct impulses away from the cell body

Back 24

Axons

Front 25

Myelinate the PNS

Back 25

Schwann Cells

Front 26

Myelinate the CNS

Back 26

Oligodendrocytes

Front 27

Segments in the myelin sheath

Back 27

Node of Ranvier

Front 28

Transmit impulses to the CNS

Back 28

Afferent

Front 29

Conduct impulses between the sensory and motor neurons

Back 29

Interneurons

Front 30

Conduct impulses away from the CNS

Back 30

Efferent

Front 31

Has one axon and two or more dendrites

Back 31

Multipolar

Front 32

Has one axon and one dendrite

Back 32

Bipolar

Front 33

Has a single process which branches into an axon and a dendrite

Back 33

Unipolar

Front 34

A chronic degenerative disorder of the myelin sheath in the CNS

Back 34

MS

Front 35

Inherited disease in which the myelin sheaths are destroyed by excessive accumulation of lipids within the membrane layers

Back 35

Tay-Sachs disease

Front 36

During resting membrane potential there are more anions _____ the cell

Back 36

Inside

Front 37

The sodium-potassium pump transport Na+ _____ and K+ ____

Back 37

outside, inside

Front 38

The cell membrane is essentially impermeable to ______ which are present inside the neuron

Back 38

large proteins

Front 39

The _____ of action potentials constitute the code as well as the destination of the impulse

Back 39

frequency

Front 40

Action potential are similar in all organisms T/F

Back 40

T

Front 41

Average resting membrane potential

Back 41

-70 mV

Front 42

Process of action potential

Back 42

Stimulus > Open Na+ channels > Na+ moves inside > All or none > Depolarization > Reverse Polarization > Open K+ channels > Repolarization > Resting membrane potential

Front 43

During the interval from the onset of an action potential until repolarization is about 1/3 completed, and a 2nd stimulation cannot elicit another response

Back 43

Absolute Refractory Period

Front 44

The period after the absolute refractory period when the membrane will not respond to normal stimuli, but does to very strong stimulus that can depolarize the membrane

Back 44

Relative Refractory Period

Front 45

2 chemicals that block the Na+ pores

Back 45

TTX and Saxitoxin

Front 46

Chemical that keeps the Na+ pores open

Back 46

Batrachotoxin

Front 47

When impulses move in one direction, the correct direction

Back 47

Orthodromic

Front 48

When impulses move in the wrong direction

Back 48

Antidromic

Front 49

Leaping from node to node

Back 49

Saltatory conduction

Front 50

2nd most common nervous system disease next to epilepsy

Back 50

MS

Front 51

Most common symptoms of MS

Back 51

blurred vision, impeded speech, numbness, fatigue

Front 52

Physically block sodium channels

Back 52

Local anesthetics

Front 53

2 types of synapses

Back 53

electrical and chemical

Front 54

Small round or oval knobs on the axon

Back 54

axon terminal

Front 55

Microscopic space between two neurons

Back 55

Synaptic cleft

Front 56

2 main types of neurotransmitters located in the synaptic vesicles

Back 56

ACh, Norepi

Front 57

Cell membrane of the postsynaptic neuron which contains receptors for the neurotransmitters

Back 57

Postsynaptic membrane

Front 58

Process

Back 58

Look in Notes

Front 59

Breaks down ACh

Back 59

cholinesterase

Front 60

3 characteristics of a synapse

Back 60

Delay, Fatigue, One way conducting

Front 61

Lack of neurotransmitter dopamine

Back 61

Parkinsons

Front 62

Autoimmune disease that blocks the ACh receptors

Back 62

Myasthenia

Front 63

Disease that inhibits release of ACh

Back 63

Botulism

Front 64

An anti-cholinesterase that causes the muscles to stay contracted

Back 64

Nerve gas

Front 65

Several presynaptic neurons simultaneously releasing neurotransmitters to a single postsynaptic neuron

Back 65

Spatial Summation

Front 66

The EPSP's may summate as the result of the rapid successive discharge of neurotransmitter from the same presynaptic terminal

Back 66

Temporal Summation

Front 67

When the postsynaptic membrane becomes more permeable to Na and K ions, resulting in hyperpolarization

Back 67

IPSP

Front 68

An amino acid that is a neurotransmitter involved in IPSP's

Back 68

Glycine

Front 69

Glutamate, GABA, Glycine, Asparate

Back 69

Amino Acids

Front 70

Histamine, Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

Back 70

Amines

Front 71

Substance P, Endorphins, Enkephalins

Back 71

Polypeptides

Front 72

Nitric Oxide

Back 72

Gas

Front 73

Connects the two cerebral hemispheres, made up of 300 million neural axons

Back 73

Corpus Callosum

Front 74

Motor area, elaborate thought, speaking ability

Back 74

Frontal Lobe

Front 75

Sensory area, somesthetic, proprioception

Back 75

Parietal Lobe

Front 76

Hearing

Back 76

Temporal Lobe

Front 77

Visual input

Back 77

Occipital Lobe

Front 78

Fold or convolutions of the brain

Back 78

Gyri

Front 79

Grooves or valleys

Back 79

Fissures or Sulci

Front 80

3 Main sulci in the brain

Back 80

Longitudinal, Central, Lateral

Front 81

Largest and most prominent part of the brain

Back 81

Cerebrum

Front 82

Outer portion of the cerebrum, gray matter

Back 82

Cerebral Cortex

Front 83

Recognition of crude sensations, pain, temperature, touch. Feeling of pleasure and displeasure

Back 83

Thalamus

Front 84

Water balance, controls the pituitary, body temperature, apetite and food intake

Back 84

Hypothalamus

Front 85

Controls muscle action, posture, equilibrium

Back 85

Cerebellum

Front 86

Control HR, BP, respiration, coughing, etc.

Back 86

Medulla Oblongata

Front 87

Center for 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th cranial nerves

Back 87

Pons

Front 88

Center for 3rd and 4th cranial nerves

Back 88

Midbrain

Front 89

Two main ideas of the BBB

Back 89

Astrocytes; help neurons, tight juncionts

Front 90

Number of cervical nerves

Back 90

8

Front 91

Number of thoracic nerves

Back 91

12

Front 92

Number of Lumbar nerves

Back 92

5

Front 93

Number of sacral nerves

Back 93

5

Front 94

Number of coccygeal nerves

Back 94

1

Front 95

Cranial Nerve 1 and function

Back 95

Olfactory; smell

Front 96

Cranial nerve 5 and function

Back 96

Trigeminal; Sensation of the face, teeth and tongue, movement of jaw and chewing muscles

Front 97

Cranial nerve 7 and function

Back 97

Facial; taste buds at front of tongue, secretion of saliva and tears

Front 98

Cranial nerve 8 and function

Back 98

Vestibulocochlear; Hearing, balance, posture

Front 99

Cranial nerve 9

Back 99

Glossopharyngeal; taste bud in the back, swallowing, secretion of saliva

Front 100

Cranial nerve 10 and function

Back 100

Vagus; visceral sensation and movement

Front 101

Cranial nerve 11

Back 101

Accessory; swallowing and head and neck movements

Front 102

Cranial nerve 12

Back 102

Speech and swallowing

Front 103

Forms the letter H at the center of the spinal cord

Back 103

Gray matter

Front 104

Composed of neuron cell bodies

Back 104

Gray matter

Front 105

All ascending nerves are _____ and all descending nerves are _____.

Back 105

sensory, motor

Front 106

Anterior tract conducts

Back 106

touch and pressure

Front 107

Posterior tract conducts

Back 107

pain and temperature

Front 108

8-12 waves per second

Back 108

Alpha

Front 109

12-25 waves per second

Back 109

Beta

Front 110

5-8 waves per second

Back 110

Theta

Front 111

1-5 waves per second

Back 111

Delta

Front 112

Cessation of brain waves

Back 112

Brain death

Front 113

Unresponsive, flat EEG for 10 minutes, absence of CNS reflexes, absence of non-spontaneous unassisted repiration

Back 113

Brain Death

Front 114

A slightly alkaline solution containing more Na, Cl, and Mg than blood plasma and less of Ca, K, and COH

Back 114

CSF

Front 115

Produces CSF

Back 115

Chorochoid Plexus

Front 116

Pathway of flow of CSF

Back 116

Lateral Ventricles > Interventricular Foramen > 3rd Ventricle > Cerebral Aqueduct > 4th Ventricle > Subarachnoid Space > Reabsorption at the Arachnoid villi

Front 117

Main function of CSF

Back 117

Cushion the brain

Front 118

Cause by excessive production of or blocked flow of CSF

Back 118

Hydrocephalus

Front 119

Withdrawal of CSF from the subarachnoid space

Back 119

Lumbar Puncture

Front 120

2 reason for a lumbar puncture

Back 120

CSF is used to check for infection to identify the organism and determine the correct drug that will fight it and cross the BBB, and to check for clots or RBC rupture in the brain

Front 121

Obstruction of CSF flow and aqueduct stenosis

Back 121

Noncommunicating

Front 122

Increase CSF secretion and secreting tumor

Back 122

Communicating

Front 123

Waves that occur during rest

Back 123

Alpha

Front 124

Waves that occur during nonREM

Back 124

Delta

Front 125

3 types of muscles that are controls by the autonomic nervous system

Back 125

Cardiac, Smooth, Visceral

Front 126

2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Back 126

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic

Front 127

Main neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system

Back 127

NE

Front 128

Main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system

Back 128

ACh

Front 129

Has long preganglionic neuron and short postganglionic neuron

Back 129

Parasympathetic

Front 130

Has short preganglionic neuron and long postganglionic neuron

Back 130

Sympathetic

Front 131

Origin of the sympathetic nervous system

Back 131

Thoracolumbar (T1-T12 and L1 to L3)

Front 132

Origination of parasympathetic nervous system

Back 132

Craniosacral (3,7,9,10)

Front 133

Receptor located at the ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympthetic nervous systems

Back 133

Nicotinic

Front 134

Receptor located at the effector organ in the parasympathetic nervous system

Back 134

Muscarinic

Front 135

Receptor located at the effector organ of the sympathetic nervous system

Back 135

Alpha 1, Beta 1, Beta 2

Front 136

The most common type of muscarinic receptor antagonist

Back 136

Atropine

Front 137

4 muscarinic receptor stimulants

Back 137

ACh, Carbachol, Methacholine, Bethanechol

Front 138

Catecholamines releases from the Adrenal gland

Back 138

80% Epinephrine, 20% NE

Front 139

Located in the smooth muscle, cause vasoconstriction, etc.

Back 139

Alpha 1 receptors

Front 140

Located in the heart, causes increase rate and force of contraction

Back 140

Beta 1 receptors

Front 141

Located in the smooth muscle, causes vasodilation of lungs, etc.

Back 141

Beta 2 receptors

Front 142

Cause vasoconstriction, are used as decongestants

Back 142

Alpha receptor stimulators

Front 143

Are used to lower blood pressure

Back 143

Alpha receptor blockers

Front 144

Used to stimulate the heart and cause bronchodilation

Back 144

Beta receptor stimulators

Front 145

Are used to slow the heart

Back 145

Beta blockers

Front 146

Sensors dealing with touch, deep pressure, hearing, etc. Detect mechanical deformation or the receptor or cells near the receptor

Back 146

Mechanoreceptors

Front 147

Detect change in temperature, stimulated by changes in metabolic rate

Back 147

Thermoreceptors

Front 148

Pain receptors, detect damage to tissue

Back 148

Nociceptors

Front 149

Detect light on the retina of the eye

Back 149

Photoreceptors

Front 150

Detect taste in mouth, smell, and O2 and CO2 levels in the blood

Back 150

Chemoreceptors

Front 151

Sensors that do not adapt at all or very slowly

Back 151

Tonic

Front 152

Sensors that adapt rapidly, usually no longer responding to a maintained stimulus

Back 152

Phasic

Front 153

Pain that is localized on the surface of the body

Back 153

Cutaneous

Front 154

Pain from muscles, tendons, and joints

Back 154

Deep

Front 155

Pain from organs, poorly localized

Back 155

Visceral

Front 156

In response to pain, exercise, or stress, the body releases ____ and ______

Back 156

Endorphins, Enkaphalins

Front 157

Pain that deals with embryonic origin and crossover of 1st and 2nd order neuorons

Back 157

Referred Pain

Front 158

Uncontrolled discharge of activity my neurons in the brain

Back 158

Epilespy

Front 159

A single motor neuron and muscle fibers it innervates

Back 159

Motor Unit

Front 160

The space between the nerve and the muscle membrane

Back 160

Myoneural junction

Front 161

Muscle cells are elongated, lack striations, are under involuntary control, and have one nucleus which is located at the center of each cell

Back 161

Smooth Muscle

Front 162

Muscle fibers that have cross-striations and one centrally located nucleus, and are under involuntary control

Back 162

Cardiac Muscle

Front 163

Muscle cell fibers are elongated, multinucleate, under voluntary control, have well-develope striations

Back 163

Skeletal Muscle

Front 164

From Z-line to Z-line

Back 164

Sarcomere

Front 165

Many small, round parallel bundles

Back 165

Myofibrils

Front 166

Thin filaments

Back 166

Actin

Front 167

Thick filaments

Back 167

Myosin

Front 168

Actin that is in clumps

Back 168

G-actin

Front 169

Actin that is in a double spherical chain

Back 169

F-actin

Front 170

ATP binds to _____ causing detachment of the Ca++

Back 170

HMM

Front 171

Binds up to 43 Ca++ within the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 171

Calsequestrin

Front 172

ATP is necessary for the

Back 172

cross bridging

Front 173

3 phases of the muscle twitch

Back 173

Latent period, contraction period, and relaxation period

Front 174

Muscle contracts but doesn't lengthen or shorten

Back 174

Isometric

Front 175

Muscle shortens while the load on the muscle remains constant

Back 175

Isotonic

Front 176

Causes of muscle fatigue

Back 176

ATP depletion, COH depletion, Lactic Acid build up

Front 177

Reason why cardiac muscle cells cannot undergo tetanus

Back 177

They have long absolute and relative refractory periods.