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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
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12 pairs
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What is cranial nerve 1?
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The olfactory nerves
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Where do the olfactory receptor cells lie?
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The receptor cells lie in Olfactory epithelium, located on the INFERIOR surface of the CRIBIFORM PLATE of the ETHMOID BONE.
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What is the path of the olfactory nerve fibers from the epithelium to the termination location?
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The olfactory nerve fibers synapse on the OLFACTORY BULB, extend POSTERIORLY as OLFACTORY TRACT and enter the cerebral hemispheres where they terminate at the PRIMARY OLFACTORY CORTEX
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What type of neurons are olfactory receptors? What other neurons share this characteristic
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First order neurons (aka bipolar neurons)
-Retinal and neurons of the Inner Ear |
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What is the olfactory bulb?
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It is paired masses of grey matter where olfactory nerve fibers originating in the nasal cavity synapse.
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What is cranial nerve 2?
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The optic nerves
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Where do afferent nerves to the optic nerve arise from and what foramen do the optic nerves pass through?
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-Optic fibers arise from the RETINA of the eye
-The pass through the OPTIC FORAMEN of the ORBIT. |
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What are the photoreceptors of the eye and what are they responsible for?
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Rods: black & white
Cones: color |
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The pair of optic nerves converge at what location?
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The OPTIC CHIASMA
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What are the optic nerves called beyond the optic chiasma?
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OPTIC TRACT
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At the optic chiasma, optic nerves PARTIALLY cross over. Which half of each nerve crosses over and which half remains on the original half of the cerebral hemisphere?
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-The medial half of the optic nerve crosses over.
-The lateral half of the optic nerve remains on the original half of the cererbral hemisphere. |
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Optic nerves contain bipolar neurons the run into...?
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Ganglial cells
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The optic tract contains ....?
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Regrouped axons
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Where does each optic tract terminate?
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at the LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS of the THALAMUS
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What are the optic fibers called once they branch from the lateral geniculate of the thalamus?
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OPTIC RADIATION
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Where does visual interpretation occur?
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At the PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX on the OCCIPITAL LOBE
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What is cranial nerve 3?
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The OCULOMOTOR nerves
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What area of the brain do the oculomotor nerves extend from?
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The JUNCTION of the MIDBRAIN & PONS
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Where do the nerves pass through to the eye?
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SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE
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What branch of the autonomic nervous system do the oculomotor nerves belong?
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Parasympathetic nervous system
(Cranial Nerves 3, 7, 9, 10) |
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Which extrinsic eye muscles does cranial nerve 3 innervate?
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-Superior, Inferior, and MEDIAL RECTUS muscles
-LEVATOR PALPEBRAE muscle |
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What is the action of the levator palpebrae muscle?
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Raises upper eyelid
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What effect does cranial nerve 3 have on the iris? Does it affect the lens?
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Cranial nerve 3 constricts the iris and controls the lens.
(Parasympathetic) |
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What are the ganglia of the eye called?
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Ciliary ganglia
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What is the action of the medial rectus muscle?
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The medial rectus muscle adducts the eyeball (rotates it inward)
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LR6 (SO4)3
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-Lateral Rectus innervated by CN 6
-Superior Oblique innervated by CN 4 -The rest of the eye muscles innervated by CN 3 |
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If oculomotor nerve paralysis occurs, what will be some symptoms?
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-EXTERNAL STRABISMUS (lateral rotation of eye [resulting from unopposed action of lateral rectus])
-Double vision -Difficulty focusing on close objects |
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What is cranial nerve 4?
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TROCHLEAR nerve
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What muscle does cranial nerve 4 innervate?
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SUPERIOR OBLIQUE MUSCLE
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What distinguishes cranial nerve 4 from the other 11 cranial nerves?
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It is the smallest cranial nerve and it is the only cranial nerve that originates from the dorsal aspect of the brain (junction of Pons & midbrain)
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Where does the cranial nerve 4 pass through to its muscle?
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Superior orbital fissure
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What is cranial nerve 5 and where does it extend from?
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-TRIGEMINAL nerve
-Pons |
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What are the three divisions of cranial nerve 5?
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The 3 divisions of the Trigeminal nerve are:
-V1 OPTHALMIC division -V2 MAXILLARY division -V3 MANDIBULAR division |
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Which division of cranial nerve 5 contains some motor fibers? What is the function of these motor fibers?
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The MANDIBULAR division has motor fibers that innervate muscles of mastication
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What are the muscles of mastication?
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4
-MASSETER -MEDIAL PTERYGOID -LATERAL PTERYGOID -TEMPORALIS |
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The trigeminal nerves are...
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principal general sensory nerves
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What is V1 and what is its origin and course?
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Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve; it runs from the face to pons via superior orbital fissure
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What is V2 and what is its origin and course?
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Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve; it runs from the face pons via FORAMEN ROTUNDUM
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What is V3 and what is its origin and course?
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Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve; it passes through skull via FORAMEN OVALE
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Cell bodies of sensory neurons of all three divisions of the trigeminal nerve are located in large...
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TRIGEMINAL GANGLION;
aka -SEMILUNAR or GASSERIAN ganglion |
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What are the nerves of V1?
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The nerves of V1 (Ophthalmic division) are:
-SUPRAORBITAL nerve -LACRIMAL nerve -INFRATROCHLEAR nerve |
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What are the nerves of V2?
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The nerves of V2 (Maxillary division) are:
-INFRAORBITAL nerve -SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR nerve |
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What are the nerves of V3?
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The nerves of V3 (Mandibular division)
are: -LINGUAL nerve -INTERIOR ALVEOLAR nerve |
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Pressure on cranial nerve 5 caused by tumor, meningial infection, or trauma can cause what disease and what symptom?
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-TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
-excruciating pain in the face |
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The palette sends signals to the brain via...?
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The maxillary division (V2) of the trigeminal nerve.
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What is cranial nerve 6?
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Abducens
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What does cranial nerve 6 control?
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LATERAL RECTUS MUSCLE
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Where does cranial nerve 6 originate and how does it enter the orbit?
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Originates from pons-medulla junction and enters orbit through superior orbital fissure
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Paralysis of cranial nerve 6 causes....
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INTERNAL STRABISMUS
-medial rotation of eyeball (adduction) |
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What is cranial nerve 7?
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The Facial Nerves
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Where does cranial nerve 7 originate? What "holes" does it pass through before innervation?
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-Originates from pons-medulla junction
-CN 7 enters the TEMPORAL BONE via the INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS, runs within the bone, emerges from STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN |
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Cranial nerve 7 is a mixed nerve (sensory and motor), What are the branches of cranial nerve 7?
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TEMPORAL
ZYGOMATIC BUCCAL MANDIBULAR CERVICAL |
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Which nerve branch is responsible with taste receptors on the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
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CHORDA TYMPANI branch
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Cranial nerve 7 has two ganglia distal to its origin, what are they in order?
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GENICULATE ganglion and PTERYGOPALANTINE ganglion
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Which cranial nerve controls chewing and which controls facial expression?
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-CN 5 (trigeminal nerves) controls chewing
-CN 7 (facial nerves) controls facial expression |
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Which glands are controlled by cranial nerve 7?
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-Tears: Lacrimal gland
-Saliva: Sublingual, Submandibular, Submaxillary glands |
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Bell's Palsy causes paralysis of facial muscles, partial loss of taste, drooping of lower eyelid, and continuous tear production. It is caused by what factors...
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Viral Infection (inflammation/swelling)
-Shingles -Lyme Disease -Herpes simplex 1 |
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What is cranial nerve 8 and its divisions?
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Vestibulocochlear nerve
-Vestibular nerve -Cochlear nerve |
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Equlibrium information is carried afferently from what organ via what nerve?
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From the equilibrium receptors in semicircular canals and vestibule via vestibular nerve
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What opening do the vestibular and cochlear nerves pass through towards the brain?
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Internal Acoustic Meatus
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What is the other name for the cochlea?
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Organ of Corti
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What is Ataxia?
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Lack of coordination of muscle movements
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What is Tinnitus?
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Ringing in the ears
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What is cranial nerve 9?
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Glossopharyngeal nerve
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Where does cranial nerve 9 emerge from and what opening does it leave the skull through?
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CN 9 emerges from the medulla and passes through the JUGULAR FORAMEN to the throat
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What muscle does cranial nerve 9 innervate that is important for swallowing? What is this muscles action?
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The STYLOPHARYNGEUS muscle is innervated by CN 9 and elevates the pharynx.
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Oxygen and CO2 level information is sensed by chemoreceptors in what area and conducted to the brain by what cranial nerve?
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The CAROTID BODY had chemoreceptors that sense CO2 and oxygen levels in the blood. They help regulate respiratory rate and depth.
This information travels along cranial nerve 9 (glossopharyngeal). |
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Which gland is regulated by cranial nerve 9?
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PAROTID GLAND
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Where is blood pressure sensed and what cranial nerve carries this information?
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Blood pressure is sensed by pressure receptors in the CAROTID SINUS and transmitted by cranial nerve 9.
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Taste on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is sensed by what cranial nerve?
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Cranial nerve 9
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