Cranial Nerves

Front 1

which part of the nervous system are the cranial nerves?

Back 1

components of PNS

Front 2

what structures are supplied by the cranial nerves?

Back 2

muscles
sensory structures of skin
subcutaneous and deeper tissues including viscera
smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, secretory glands (ANS)

Front 3

what are the regions innervated by the cranial nerves?

Back 3

head and neck, with viscera and oral, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, ear, orbit, salivary glands
thoracic
abdominal
pelvic viscera

Front 4

what are the cranial nerves all attached to?

Back 4

the brain stem - all three divisions of it

Front 5

do cranial nerves have ventral or dorsal roots?

Back 5

no

Front 6

where do the motor fibers from those nerves that supply muscles come from?

Back 6

motor nuclei - neurons in brainstem

Front 7

what sensory info is conveyed by cranial nerve VIII and V for example?

Back 7

info from skin, mucous linings of cavities
viscera in head and neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis

Front 8

where does sensory info go once collected from distal cranial nerves?

Back 8

to sensory ganglia in brainstem - correspond to ganglia of spinal nerves

Front 9

do CNs carry sympathetic fibers?

Back 9

no - not pre- or postganglionic fibers

Front 10

which cranial nerves contain preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

Back 10

CNs III, VII, IX, X

Front 11

where do nerves III, VII, IX, X come from?

Back 11

parasympathetic nuclei in brainstem

Front 12

where are the parasympathetic ganglia on which CNs III, VII, IX and X synapse?

Back 12

III, VII, IX synapse on ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular and otic ganglias - all in head or neck

parasympathetic ganglia for X are found in thorax and abdomen, by organs vagus innervates

Front 13

where are the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of CNs III, VII, IX, X

Back 13

III, VII, IX - would be traveling along with CN V to target

X is still in thorax and abdomen

Front 14

what are the names and associated numbers of all the cranial nerves?

Back 14

CN I = Olfactory
CN II = optic
CN III = oculomotor
CN IV = trochlear
CN V = trigeminal
ophthalmic
maxillary
mandibular
CN VI = abducent
CN VII = facial nerve
CN VIII = vestibulocochlear
CN IX = glossopharyngeal
CN X = vagus
CN XI = accessory
CN XII = hypoglossal

Front 15

what hole does the olfactory nerve come out of - and what CN is that?

Back 15

is CN I
comes out of optic canal

Front 16

what hole does the optic nerve come out of and what CN is it?

Back 16

CN II
optic canal

Front 17

what hole does the oculomotor nerve come out of and what CN number is it?

Back 17

CN III
superior orbital fissure

Front 18

what hole does the trochlear nerve come out of and what CN number is it?

Back 18

CN IV
superior orbital fissure

Front 19

what hole does the trigeminal nerve come out of and what is its CN number?

Back 19

CN V -
ophthalmic division - superior orbital fissure
maxillary division - foramen rotundum
mandibular division - foramen ovale

Front 20

what hole does the abducent nerve come out of and what CN number is it?

Back 20

CN VI - superior orbital fissure

Front 21

what hole does the facial nerve come out of and what is its CN number?

Back 21

CN VII
internal acoustic meatus to the facial canal to the stylomastoid foramen

Front 22

what hole does the vestiubulocochlear nerve come out of and what CN number is it?

Back 22

VIII
internal acoustic meatus as well
DOESN'T LEAVE THE SKULL

Front 23

what's the CN that doesn't leave the skull?

Back 23

vestibulocochlear nerve - CN VIII

Front 24

what's the glossopharyngeal nerve CN number and where in the skull does it come out?

Back 24

IX
jugular foramen

Front 25

where in the skull does the vagus nerve exit and what is its CN number?

Back 25

CN X
jugular foramen

Front 26

where does the accessory nerve come out of the skull and what CN number is it?

Back 26

CN XI
jugular foramen

Front 27

where in the skull does the hypoglossal nerve exit and what is its CN number?

Back 27

CN XII
hypoglossal canal

Front 28

what nerves share the superior orbital fissure?

Back 28

4:
1. oculomotor = CN III
2. trochlear - CN IV
3. ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve = CN V1
4. abducent nerve = CN VI

Front 29

what nerves share the internal acoustic meatus?

Back 29

CN VII - facial nerve
CN VIII - vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 30

what nerves come out of the jugular foramen?

Back 30

1. CN IX - glossopharyngeal nerve
2. CN X - vagus nerve
3. CN XI - accessory nerve

Front 31

what types of nerve fibers make up the olfactory nerve or CN I?

Back 31

just sensory

Front 32

what's the path of the olfactory nerve?

Back 32

terminates in the nasal cavity on specialized receptors in olfactory mucosa
exits cranial cavity via olfactory foramena in cribriform plate
starts in olfactory bulb of brain

Front 33

what's the major function of the olfactory nerve?

Back 33

conveys sense of smell to brain for perception, discrimination

Front 34

what types of fibers are in the optic nerve, CN II?

Back 34

just sensory

Front 35

what's the path of the optic nerve?

Back 35

ends in retina
exits cranial cavity through optic canal
optic chiasm and tract is where nerve comes from
starts in brain (thalamus?)

Front 36

what's the major function of the optic nerve, CN II?

Back 36

carries visual sensations to brain for perception, discrimination

Front 37

what kinds of fibers do the oculomotor, trochlear and abducent nerves carry? CN III, IV and VI respectively?

Back 37

only motor

Front 38

what common pathway do CNs III, IV and VI share?

Back 38

all exit the cranial cavity via the superior orbital fissure
then enters orbit

Front 39

what muscles are innervated by CN III, the oculomotor nerve?

Back 39

LPS = levator palpebrae superioris
medial rectus
superior rectus
sphincter of pupillae
ciliary muscle

Front 40

what kinds of muscles are innervated by CN III, the oculomotor nerve?

Back 40

both smooth and skeletal

Front 41

how are the smooth muscles of the eye innervated?

Back 41

by parasympathetic preganglionic fibers from CN III, the oculomotor nerve

Front 42

what muscles are innervated by CN IV, the trochlear nerve?

Back 42

superior oblique

Front 43

what muscles are innervated by CN VI, the abducent nerve?

Back 43

Lateral rectus

Front 44

what does the superior oblique do?

Back 44

depresses eyeball

Front 45

what does the lateral rectus do?

Back 45

abducts eyeball

Front 46

what muscles affects the size of the pupil?

Back 46

the sphincter pupillae

Front 47

what muscle changes the shape of the lens?

Back 47

ciliary muscle

Front 48

how many and what are the names of the skeletal muscles that move the eye?

Back 48

7 total

1. superior rectus
2. inferior rectus
3. medial rectus
4. lateral rectus
5. superior oblique
6. inferior oblique
7. levator palpebrae superioris

Front 49

where are the recti muscles of the eye inserted?

Back 49

onto the front of the eyeball

Front 50

where do the oblique muscles of the eye insert?

Back 50

the back of the eyeball

Front 51

what does the superior oblique do?

Back 51

depresses eye by pulling up on the back

Front 52

what does the inferior oblique do?

Back 52

elevates eye by pulling down on the back

Front 53

what does the LPS do and how does it do it?

Back 53

opens eyes

pulls up on tarsus or cartilage of upper lid to elevate lid

Front 54

what is accomodation?

Back 54

eye focusing on close objects

Front 55

what does accomodation involve?

Back 55

1. pupillary constriction
2. convergence of eyes from contraction of both medial recti
3. increase in convexity of lens

Front 56

what does it mean to say that the eyes have conjugate movements?

Back 56

means that eye muscles work together in pairs

Front 57

what muscles contract to move the eyes right?

Back 57

left - medial rectus
right - lateral rectus

Front 58

what muscles contract to move the eyes left?

Back 58

left - lateral rectus
right - medial rectus

Front 59

what muscles contract to move the eyes up or down when looking straight ahead?

Back 59

up - superior recti AND INFERIOR OBLIQUE

down - inferior recti AND SUPERIOR OBLIQUE

Front 60

do the recti and obliques work optimally when staring straight ahead? why or why not?

Back 60

no, because they are at a 90 degree angle to each other

Front 61

what muscles contract to move the eyes up and down when the eyes are looking to the right?

Back 61

UP
left - IO
right - SR

DOWN
left - SO
right - IR

Front 62

what's the rule to remember when deciding which muscles are being used for which movements?

Back 62

eye that's on side to which gaze is directed just has to move up or down with recti

eye on opposite side to which gaze is directed has to move up or down AND at an angle, so uses obliques

Front 63

when do the recti and obliques act optimally?

Back 63

when one is not staring straight ahead and then looking either up or down

Front 64

what muscles contract to move the eyes up or down when looking to the left?

Back 64

UP
left - SR
right - IO

DOWN
left - IR
right - SO

Front 65

what kinds of nerve fibers are in the trigeminal nerve?

Back 65

both sensory and motor
NO PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS

Front 66

what are the roots of the trigeminal nerve and what are their relative sizes?

Back 66

sensory root is large compared to motor root

Front 67

where is the sensory ganglion used by the trigeminal CN V nerve?

Back 67

apex of petrous part of temporal bone

Front 68

which types of fibers are carried in each of the trigeminal nerve branches?

Back 68

V1 - ophthalmic nerve = Sensory
V2 - maxillary nerve = Sensory
V3 - mandibular nerve = motor and sensory

Front 69

which parasympathetic ganglia does the trigeminal nerve hook up with to pass along their postganglionic fibers?

Back 69

4:
1. ciliary ganglion - from nasociliary branch of V1
2. pterygopalatine ganglion - from V2
3. submandibular ganglion - from lingual branch of V3
4. otic ganglion - from V3

Front 70

what kinds of fibers are hitching rides on the trigeminal nerve?

Back 70

POSTganglionic fibers

Front 71

what's the course and distribution of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve? V1

Back 71

1. enters orbit through superior orbital fissure
2. divides into frontal, nasociliary, lacrimal branches
3. supplies orbit and nasal cavity
4. becomes terminal cutaneous branches in scalp, upper lid, nose

Front 72

what's the course and distribution of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve? V2

Back 72

1. enters pterygopalatine fossa through foramen rotundum
2. travels through inferior orbital fissure
3. enters face through infraorbital foramen
4. becomes terminal cutaneous branch or infraorbital nerve once exiting the infraorbital foramen

Front 73

what's the course and distribution of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve? V3

Back 73

1. exits through foramen ovale
2. reaches infratemporal fossa
3. parts travel through mandible
4. enters face thru mental foramen as cutaneous branch - mental nerve

Front 74

what's the major motor function of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve? V3

Back 74

motor innervation to muscles of mastication!!
1. temporalis
2. masseter
3. lateral pterygoid
4. medial pterygoid

also happens to innervate the mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, and tensor palati, but apparently we're not worried about that right now

Front 75

what kinds of perceptions can be felt by the trigeminal nerve?

Back 75

pain from head, regardless of cause
examples; toothache, headache, sinus pain

Front 76

what areas of the head and face are sensory innervated by the ophthalmic branch of CN V? V1?

Back 76

TOP OF HEAD
meninges - top of head
orbit, including cornea and conjunctiva
lining of nasal cavity
skin of forehead and middle of nose
frontal air sinuses

Front 77

what areas of head and face are sensory innervated by maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve? V2?

Back 77

CHEEK
meninges - front, side of head
maxillary air sinus
gums and teeth of upper jaw
skin over bony part of cheek

Front 78

what areas of head and face are sensory innervated by mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve? V3?

Back 78

JAW
meninges - back, side of head
mucosa of oral cavity and palate
anterior two thirds of tongue (EXCEPT TASTE)
gums and teeth of lower jaw
skin over soft part of cheek and mandible EXCEPT for angle of mandible - that's sensory innervated by cervical spinal nerves

Front 79

what kinds of fibers does the facial nerve contain?

Back 79

all three
motor, sensory, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers

Front 80

what's the course and distribution of the facial nerve, CN VII?

Back 80

1. leaves cranial cavity via internal auditory meatus
2. passes geniculate ganglion, sensory ganglion of facial nerve
3. runs in bony facial canal IN temporal bone close to inner, middle ear cavities
4. exits base of skull through stylomastoid foramen
5. enters substance of parotid gland and divides into terminal branches on face

Front 81

where's the sensory ganglion of the facial nerve located?

Back 81

internal auditory meatus

Front 82

what's the sensory ganglion of the facial nerve called?

Back 82

geniculate ganglion

Front 83

what nerve innervates the parotid gland?

Back 83

facial nerve CN VII

edit - is another question stating innervation from CN 9 - glossopharyngeal

Front 84

what are the major functions of the motor fibers of the facial nerve?

Back 84

innervates muscles of facial expression, scalp muscles (then 3 random more)

important muscles to know:
those that help in smiling, frowning, blowing, whistling, lifting eyebrows, closing eye

muscles that aren't important -
posterior belly of digastric, stylomastoid, stapedius

Front 85

what are the major functions of the sensory fibers of the facial nerve?

Back 85

supplies TASTE BUDS in ANTERIOR two-thirds of tongue

supplies small area of skin lining external auditory meatus

Front 86

what are the major functions of the parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve?

Back 86

1. preganglionic - synapse in:
a. pterygopalatine ganglion
b. submandibular ganglion
2. postganglionic - supply:
a. lacrimal gland via branch of V
b. sublingual
c. submandibular salivary glands by branches of V again


essential for secretory function of glands

Front 87

what kind of nerve fibers does the vestibulocochlear nerve contain?

Back 87

just sensory - but there are 2 components:
1. vestibular
2. cochlear nerves

Front 88

what's the path of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Back 88

1. leaves cranial cavity by internal auditory meatus
2. ends in specialized receptors of inner ear in petrous temporal bone

Front 89

what are the major functions of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Back 89

VESTIBULAR NERVE
maintains equilibrium by communicating
a. changes in position
b. movements of head

COCHLEAR NERVE
hearing, auditory

Front 90

what kind of nerve fibers does the glossopharyngeal nerve contain?

Back 90

ALL 3!
sensory, little motor, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers

Front 91

what's the course and distribution of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Back 91

1. leaves cranial cavity via jugular foramen with vagus, accessory
2. divides into branches that then enter pharynx

Front 92

what's the pharynx?

Back 92

muscular chamber posterior to nasal and oral cavities

leading into larynx anteriorly and esophagus posteriorly

Front 93

what are the major sensory functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Back 93

1. innervates mucosa of posterior third of tongue and pharynx including tonsillar area
in tongue, branches convey general sensation and taste

2. supplies specialized chemoreceptors in carotid body and baroreceptors in carotid sinus
these receptors are important in the reflex regulation of blood pressure and respiration

Front 94

what are the major motor functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Back 94

supplies one muscle of pharynx, stylopharyngeus, which assists in swallowing

Front 95

what are the major parasympathetic functions of the glossopharyngeal nerves?

Back 95

preganglionic fibers end in otic ganglion
postganglionic fibers supply parotid salivary gland - necessary for secretion of saliva
edit - is another question stating facial nerve innervates parotid

Front 96

what kinds of fibers does the vagus nerve contain?

Back 96

ALL THREE kinds
sensory, motor, HUGE parasympathetic component

Front 97

what's the course and distribution of the vagus nerve?

Back 97

1. exits skull through jugular foramen
2. enters neck
3. divides into branches
4. motor, sensory fibers leave as branches of vagus in neck
5. parasympathetic and rest of sensory fibers go into thorax and abdomen

Front 98

what nerve is the accessory nerve considered to be a part of?

Back 98

CN X, vagus nerve

Front 99

what's the function of the accessory nerve?

Back 99

purely motor
innervates muscles also supplied by vagus in neck

Front 100

what are the major motor functions of the vagus nerve?

Back 100

1. supplies skeletal muscles of:
a. pharynx, except the stylopharyngeus
b. larynx
c. soft palate - except tensor palati
d. upper 2/3rds of esophagus
e. important for swallowing, phonation, articulation of speech

Front 101

what are the major sensory functions of the vagus nerve?

Back 101

supplies mucus membrane of larynx
small number of fibers conveys taste from epiglottic area

Front 102

what are the major parasympathetic functions of the vagus nerve?

Back 102

preganglionic fibers end in many unnamed parasympathetic ganglia along walls of viscera

postganglionic fibers supply:
a. heart
b. smooth muscles, secretory glands of thoracic and abdominal viscera

Front 103

what's the course and distribution of the accessory nerve?

Back 103

1. pops up below foramen magnum from upper cervical spinal cord
2. enters cranial cavity through foramen magnum
3. joins vagus
4. leaves through jugular foramen
5. separates from vagus
6. enters roof of posterior triangle

Front 104

what are the major functions of the accessory nerve?

Back 104

motor innervation to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Front 105

what type of fibers does the hypoglossal nerve contain?

Back 105

only motor

Front 106

what's the course and distribution of the hypoglossal nerve?

Back 106

1. leaves cranial cavity via hypoglossal canal - also called anterior condylar canal
2. distributes out to tongue

Front 107

what are the major functions of the hypoglossal nerve?

Back 107

1. extrinsic (except palatoglossus) and
2. intrinsic muscles of tongue
3. changes shape of tongue and produces up/down, side to side and protruding movements

Front 108

how do i test the olfactory nerve theoretically?

Back 108

use simple odors under each nostril at a time to test smell
examples: peppermint, coffee

Front 109

what's a normal finding of a test to the olfactory nerve?

Back 109

correct identification of odor

Front 110

how would i test the optic nerve?

Back 110

visual acuity using standard eye chart
test visual fields using confrontation test
ophthalmoscope exam

Front 111

what's a normal finding of an optic nerve test?

Back 111

correct identification of letters
no visual field defects
normal fundus

Front 112

how would i test the parasympathetic part of oculomotor nerve function?

Back 112

flash a light in one eye at a time

Front 113

what's a normal finding of the test for parasympathetic function of the oculomotor nerve?

Back 113

ipsilateral (direct light reflex) and
contralateral (consensual light reflex)
pupils constrict

Front 114

how would i test the motor function of the oculomotor nerve, as well as the trochlear and abducent nerves?

Back 114

ask patient to follow finger as i move it right and left, up and down, and obliquely

Front 115

what's a normal finding of a motor test to the oculomotor nerve, and a general test of the trochlear and abducent nerves?

Back 115

both eyes follow finger in parallel - with conjugate deviation

Front 116

how would i test the trigeminal nerve?

Back 116

feel the two masseter muscles as patient bites down

have patient open his/her mouth

test tactile, pain sensation for all 3 divisions

jaw jerk and corneal reflexes

Front 117

what's a normal finding of a test to the trigeminal nerve?

Back 117

equal contraction of masseters and no deviation of mandible

normal sensory perception from entire face

Front 118

how would i test the facial nerve?

Back 118

ask patient to wrinkle forehead, close eyes, show teeth

apply small amount of sugar or salt to anterior 2/3rds of tongue

Front 119

what's a normal finding for the facial nerve?

Back 119

normal execution of facial movements

correct identification of substance

Front 120

how would i test the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Back 120

touch the pharynx with a cotton applicator

Front 121

what's a normal finding for a test of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Back 121

gagging

Front 122

how would i test the vagus nerve and accessory nerve?

Back 122

ask patient to say "ah"

listen to person talk

Front 123

what's a normal finding for a test of the vagus and accessory nerves

Back 123

both sides of soft palate should rise and uvula should remain in midline

lack of hoarseness

Front 124

how would i test the accessory nerve?

Back 124

ask person to turn his/her head to each side and shrug shoulders while i resist movements

Front 125

what would a normal finding be for a test of the accessory nerve?

Back 125

strong contractions of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Front 126

how would i test the hypoglossal nerve?

Back 126

ask person to stick out his/her tongue fully

Front 127

what's a normal finding for a test of the hypoglossal nerve?

Back 127

tongue protrudes in midline

Front 128

what's the corneal reflex?

Back 128

i ask patient to look to one side
i touch opposite cornea with a cotton wisp
normal response is bilateral closure of eyes

Front 129

what would happen in the corneal reflex if a person had unilateral trigeminal sensory loss?

Back 129

no response by stimulation of corresponding eye (where nerve problem is)

Front 130

what are the afferent and efferent limbs of the corneal reflex?

Back 130

afferent - V1
efferent - VII

Front 131

what's a jaw jerk?

Back 131

motor functions from V3 are tested
i ask patient to clench teeth, then palpate contraction of masseters and temporalis muscles
have patient open mouth just a little
tap on chin with tendon hammer

normally, reflex not prominent
in abnormal cases, mouth will close

Front 132

what technically is the gag response and how does one stimulate it?

Back 132

to stimulate: touch lateral walls of pharynx where tonsils located OR
posterior third of tongue, one side at a time - with tongue depressor

response = forceful contraction of pharyngeal muscles and elevation of soft palate

Front 133

what are the sensory or afferent nerves for the gag reflex and what are the motor or efferent nerves?

Back 133

afferent - IX
efferent - X

Front 134

what nerves does the gag reflex test?

Back 134

IX and X

Front 135

what do i do if the gag reflex is absent?

Back 135

test X further to see which of nerves IX or X is involved

Front 136

what's a symptom of dysfunction in the olfactory nerve?

Back 136

reduction or loss of smell
example: trauma from closed head injury or skull fracture

Front 137

what's a symptom of dysfunction in the optic nerve?

Back 137

visual deficits in corresponding eye, partial or complete

Front 138

what are symptoms of dysfunction in oculomotor nerve?

Back 138

1. downward/outward deviation of eyeball due to unopposed pulls of lateral rectus and superior oblique

2. diplopia due to images in two retinae falling on non-corresponding loci on two retinae

3. ptosis from paralysis of LPS

4. dilated and fixed (unresponsive to light) pupil with loss of accomodation due to paralysis of sphincter and ciliaris muscles

Front 139

what muscles would be affected if a person could only look down and out?

Back 139

medial rectus, inferior oblique

Front 140

what are symptoms of dysfunction in trochlear nerve?

Back 140

troubles moving eye down and in
diplopia

Front 141

what are symptoms of dysfunction to trigeminal nerve?

Back 141

no sensation in areas once innervated
loss of corneal reflex in both eyes when affected eye stimulated
paralysis of muscles of mastication
difficulty chewing
flatterning of one side of face
complete loss of function rarely encountered

Front 142

what are symptoms of dysfunction of the abducent nerve?

Back 142

failure to abduct affected eye - paralysis of LR
diplopia - same reason as for oculomotor nerve
abducent nerve has longest intracranial course - is subject to stretching when intracranial pressure increases
bilateral paralysis of LR would suggest problem caused by an increase in intracranial pressure from tumor, hemorrhage...

Front 143

what are symptoms of dysfunction to the facial nerve?

Back 143

inability to raise eyebrow and wrinkle forehead
failure of corner of mouth to elevate on smiling
widening of palpebral fissure, inability to close eye
constant dripping of tears out of eye
loss of nasolabial fold
inability to blow, whistle

Front 144

what are symptoms of dysfunction to vestibulocochlear nerve?

Back 144

problems in hearing, maintaining balance

Front 145

what are symptoms of dysfunction in glossopharyngeal nerve?

Back 145

loss of gag reflex when affected side of pharynx stimulated

can lead to loss of sensation of taste in posterior third of tongue

Front 146

what are symptoms of dysfunction in the vagus nerve?

Back 146

difficulty in swallowing = dysphagia
difficulty in speaking - dysphonia
these are both due to loss of motor function on corresponding side of pharynx, palate and larynx

voice hoarse

patients says "ah" and palatal arch on affected side can't rise - uvula deviates to normal side

Front 147

what are symptoms of dysfunction of accessory nerve?

Back 147

weakness of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles on same side

best detected when patient shrugs shoulder, turns head to one side against resistance

Front 148

what are symptoms of dysfunction of hypoglossal nerve?

Back 148

paralysis and atrophy of tongue on corresponding side

when patient asked to protrude tongue, tongue deviates toward paralyzed side

Front 149

if patient has double vision, drooping left eyelid, eyes deviated down and out, pupil dilated and fixed on left side, eyes can't converge and images are blurring, what should be suspected?

Back 149

CN III paralysis on left side

Front 150

patient comes in with normal left lateral gaze, both eyes can move together to left side

however, right eye can't abduct when looking to right, abnormal right lateral gaze

which cranial nerve is affected and on which side?
would pupillary reflexes be lost in this patient?
if this patient had bilateral loss of lateral gaze, what would be the cause?

Back 150

CN VI on right side; would still have pupillary reflexes in this patient

bilateral loss - problems with both sides of CN VI

Front 151

if patient complained of spontaneous, severe pain on right side of face - triggered by chewing, touching, drinking - localized to right lower eyelid, right side of nose and cheek and right upper lip, what would i suspect?
which division of V is involved?
would this condition be associated with motor deficits?

Back 151

V2
no motor deficits

Front 152

what would my major concern be for a patient who had lesions along sensory innervation of V1, V2?

Back 152

don't know - hopefully i'll know after studying this

Front 153

if patient comes in saying she woke up to find face distorted - couldn't close right eye
has difficulty speaking, eating, drinking, because she can't close her mouth completely
right eye tearing constantly

what's the common name for this condition?

would taste sensation to anterior 2/3rds of tongue be normal?

Back 153

CN VII - right side
bell's palsy
no, taste sensation would not be normal

Front 154

patient comes in with hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, difficulty speaking

palatal arches don't rise symmetrically - left side lower than right

does this patient have dysfunction of right or left nerve X?

Back 154

left

Front 155

patients comes in slurring speech, has difficulty swallowing

tongue deviates to right when protruded

surface of right half of tongue wrinkled with visible twitchings

which nerve on which side involved?

Back 155

CN XII on right