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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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major brain divisions
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brain stem
diencephalon cerebrum cerebellum |
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brain stem
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medulla oblongata "medulla"
pons midbrain |
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diencephalon
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thalamus
hypothalamus epithalamus subthalamus |
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cerebrum
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highest portion of brain
supported on the diencephalon and brain stem largest part of brain |
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cerebellum
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back of brain
cauliflower post. to brain stem |
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protective coverings:
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*cranial bones
*cranial meninges= pia mater, arachnoid layer, dura mater |
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periosteal layer
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outer layer adheres to cranial bones & functions as the periosteum
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meningeal layer
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continuous w/ the spinal cord meninge or layer
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3 major extensions of dura
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*falx cerebri
falx cerebeli Tentrium cerebelli |
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falx cerebri
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in longutinal fissure
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falx cerebeli
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Btwn halves of cerebellum
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Tentrium cerebelli
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In transverse fissure
btwn. occ. lobe and cerebellum |
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Dura Mater
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separates the lobes
outer part of meninges Periosteal layer Meningeal layer |
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cerebrospinal fluid (c.s.f.)
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fluid like 80-150 mil. has salts, protiens, glucose, urea, lymphocytes, c02 increased stimulates respiratory center.
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major functions c.s.f.
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delivers nutrients & useful substance; removes wastes thus protecting neurons & neuroglia cells
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protection c.s.f.
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acts as shock absorber; delivers nutrients & removes wastes
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transport system
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increases c02 in c.n.f. is a resp. stimulus; moves nutrients/waste
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ventricles (brain cavity)
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ventricle little cavity they contain c.s.f.
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CSF Flow
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Ventricles-Lat. ventricles-Interventricular foramen-Third ventricle-Aqueduct of the midbrain-4th ventricle-median aperture-Subacrnoid space-cen. canal of spinal cord-Lat. aperutre-subarachnoid space
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lateral ventricles
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lateral cerebral hemispheres
these are not numbered like others |
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interventricular foramen
(foramen of monroe) |
from lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle
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third ventricle
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between halves of thalamus; slit- like; surrounds pars intermedia
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aqueduct of the midbrain
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(cerebral aqueduct or aqueduct of sylvius connects 3rd to 4th ventricle
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fourth ventricle
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anterior to cerebellum; post. to pons; lead to two aperatures
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lateral aperture
(forman of luschka) |
carries c.s.f. to subarachnoid space
(same as Med. aperature) |
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median aperture (foramen of magendie)
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carries c.s.f. to subarachnoid psace
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subarachnoid space
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outside of c.n.s. where c.s.f. reabsorbrption hack into blood
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central canal of spn. cord
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lined by ependymal cells thus c.s.f. possibly produced
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CSF formation
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from filtration/secreton of capillary blood
ependymal cells cover these capillaries & produce csf by filtration/secretion |
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Choroid plexuses
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membrane like
in walls of ventricle these capillaries are covered by ependymal cells |
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Blood-cerebral spinal barrier
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Ependymal cells have "tight junctions" thus blood cannot pass "through" them
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Ependymal cells
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When capillary blood passes through ______ _____ -csf is formed
line walls of ventricles of brain and spinal cord |
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CSF reabsorption
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gradually reabsorbed into the blood through subarachnoid space and especially through sup. sag. sinus.
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Subarachnoid space
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Contains csf
Arachnoid villi |
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Arachnoid villi
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Projections of arachnoid membrane into sup. sag. sinus
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Superior saggital sinus
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The major "dural venous sinus" receiving csf
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Brain stem
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part of the brain btwn the spinal cord and diencepalon
it consists of 3 parts: Medulla Oblongata Pons Diencephalon |
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Medulla Oblongata
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Almost all sensory input arises from one side of body and crosses to the opposite side of brain in upper part of spinal cord or _______.
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Pyramids
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on ventral side of medulla
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Decussation of pyramids
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Many motor fibers (tracts) pass through _______.
from cerebral cortex to cecussation to opposite side of body |
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R and L nucleus gracilis
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On dorsal side of brain
assoc. with some somatic sensations - eg. touch, vibration, and proprioception |
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Reticular formation
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Consists of dispersed gray and white matter - from spinal cord to diencephalons
has sensory and motor function |
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Reticular activating system (RAS)
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Part of ret. formation
fibers run to cortex maintains consciousness and functions in awakening from sleep motor functions help reg. muscle tone |
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3 vital reflex centers
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Cardiac center
Medullary rhymicity area Vasomotor (vasoconstrictor) center |
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Other non-vital reflex centers
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Non-vital nuclei such as swallowing, vomiting, sneezing, hiccups, coughing, and other occur here
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Olive
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Neurons here relay impulses from proprioreceptors to cerebellum thus help balance and equalibrium
are lateral to pyramids on ventral side of brain "olive shaped" |
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Medulla Oblongata
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Pyramids
R and L nucleus gracilis Reticular formation Reflex centers (vital and Non-vital) Olive Associated w/ cranial nerves VIII-XII |
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Pons
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Consists of both nuclei and tracts that connect brain parts with each other
ap. "1" above medulla and ant. to cerebellum means bridge |
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Significant nuclei in reticular formation
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help reg. breathing
Pneumontaxic area Apneustic area |
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Pons
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Pneumontaxic area
Apneustic area Ass. with cranial nerves V-VIII |
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Midbrain (mesencephalon)
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From pons to lower part of diencephalons
ap. "1" cerebral aqueduct passes through it has tracts (white mater) and nuclei (gray mater) |
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Midbrain (mesencephalon)
(STRUCTURE) |
Ventral portion- cerebral peduncles
Dorsal portion- Corpora quadrigemma Substantia nigra Red nucleus Ass. with cranial nerves III-IV |
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Ventral portion of midbrain
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Front part of midbrain
Consists of Cerbral peduncles |
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Cerbral peduncles
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are motor tracts that conn. cerebrum to sp. cord, medulla ad pons
also sensory tracts that run from medulla to thalamus |
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Dorsal portion (tectum)of midbrain
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Back part of midbrain
Consists of Corpora quadregemina, Sup. Colliculi, and Inf. Colliculi |
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Tectum
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means roof
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Corpora quadregemina
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entire term means body of 4 twins
both are reflex centers for eye, ear, head and trunk |
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Substantia nigra
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Large black nuclei
control subconsious muscle movements |
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Red nucleus
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Rich blood supply and iron pigment
Coordinate muscle movements |
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Diencephalon
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"through brain"
Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus Subthalamus |
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Thalamus
(GEN. STRUCTURE) |
80% of diencephalon
Faired oval masses of mostly gray matter usually joined by "intermediate mass" - a.k.a. pars intermedia or interthalamic adhesion Forms lateral wall of third ventricle |
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Thalamus
(GEN. FUNCTION) |
Some nuclei act as "relay stations" for sensory impulses - except smell - to cerebral cortex
Interpretation center for some sensory impulses -eg. pain, temp., and light touch |
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Hypothalamus
(GEN. STRUCTURE) |
below thalamus
divided into 4 regions: 1 region, the mammilary, contains the mammillary bodies, another, the tuberal contains infundibulum |
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Hypothalamus
(GEN. FUNCTION) |
Received sensory info about external internal environment
Monitors hunger, temp., hormone levels and water concentration Exerts control over pituitary gland Emotional intergration: associated with feelings of rage and aggression Control and integration of A.N.S. |
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Epithalamus
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Above the thalamus
Consists of Pineal gland |
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Pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri)
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secretes hormone melatonin and is thus an endocrine gld. - promotes sleepiness and biol. clock?
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Subthalamus
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Under thalamus
Other nuclei work with it to control body movements |
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Cerebrum
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Associated with rational thought, problem solving, etc.
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Cerebral cortex
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2-4 mm. thick
ap. 6 layers gray mater ap. 5 billion cells |
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Cerebral white matter
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Below gray mater
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Gyri(convolutions)
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Folds or high points (ridges)
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Sulci (grooves)
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Low points - btwn. or separates grooves
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Fissures
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Deeper than grooves
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Lobes
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Larger areas (regions) defined by sulci or fissures
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Hemispheres
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Rt. and Lt.
separated by longitudinal fissure |
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Longitudinal fissures
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sep. R and L hemispheres
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Corpus callosum
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Conn. R. and L. hemispheres
consists of white matter tracts Means "tough body" |
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Falx cerebri
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One of the three major cranial dura
extends into the longitudinal fissure |
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Central sulcus (fissure of rolando)
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Sep. frontal from parietal lobes
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Frontal Lobe
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Consists of precentral gyrus
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precentral gyrus
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Ant. to central sulcus
is a primary motor area |
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Parietal lobe
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consists of Postcentral gyrus
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Postcentral gyrus
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Post. to central sulcus
is a primary sensory area |
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Frontal lobe
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front part of the brain
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Parietal
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sides of the brain
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Temporal lobe
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nears the temples on head
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Parietoccipital sulcus
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sep. parietal and occipital lobes
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Transverse fissure
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Btwn. occipital lobe of cerebrum and cerebellum
occupied by the cranial dura called the "tentorium cerebelli" |
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Insula (isle of reil or island)
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Lies deep in lateral central sulcus
function is NOT KNOWN |
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White matter
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Deep to gray matter in cortex
has myelinated and unmyelinated fibers fibers pass in one of three major directions |
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Association fibers
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Conn. gyri in the same hemisphere
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Commissural fibers
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Conn. gyri in one hemisphere with corresponding gyri in the opposite hemisphere
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Corpus callosum
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Conn. R and L cerebral hemispheres
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Ant. commissure
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going across the front of the brain
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Post. commissure
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going across the back of the brain
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Projection fibers
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Form ascending and descending tracts, conn. cortex with the cerebrum and thalamus, brain stem and spinal cord
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Basal ganglia (cerebral nuclei)
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Paired masses of nuclei - gray mater - in each, hemisphere some functions include muscle movement
coordination many connections to cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus |
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Corpus striatum
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Largest of basal ganglia
straited body Caudate nucleus Lentiform nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Part of internal capsule |
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They conn. to basal ganglia and are sometimes considered a part of it.
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Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus Red nucleus |
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Limbic system
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The "visceral" or "emotional" brain
has components in the cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon Many of its components consist of gray matter Wishbone shape encircle brain stem Functions in memory and emotional behavior related to survival Functions in pleasure, pair, rage, fear, sexual feelings and docility |
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Cerebral cortex function
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Sensory Area
Motor area Association Area |
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Sensory Area (cerebral cortex)
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Receives, interprets sensory impulses
located post. to central sulcus or in post half of cerebral hemispheres Primary sensory area Primary visual area Primary auditory area Primary gustatory area Primary olfactory area |
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Motor area (cerebral cortex)
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Initiate movements
areas esp. ant. to central sulcus Primary motor areas Broca's speech area |
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Association Area (cerebral cortex)
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Integrate, interpret and allow for complex functions: eg. emotions, memory, intelligence, personality traits...
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Primary motor areas (cerebral cortex)
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Located ant. to central sulcus in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
Controls specific muscle |
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Broca's speech area
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Language is complex - involves, sensory, motor, and association areas
97% of pop. has this area in the L hemisphere other language areas occur in the brain translates thought into spoken words (speech) |
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Frontal eyefield area
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For scanning movements eg. looking up word in dictionary
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Brain lateralization (split-brain concept)
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Also called "hemispheric lateralization"
demonstrates that few structures/functions not equally divided in hemispheres |
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L handed people
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Parietal and Occipital lobes of R hemisphere usually narrower than corresponding lobes of the L
Frontal lobe of the hemisphere usually narrower than R hemisphere |
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L hemisphere
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Spoken and written language
Scientific - mathematical skills Reasoning |
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R hemisphere
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L hand control
Musical - artistic skills or awareness Insight Imagination Visualization |
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Cerebrum
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Associated with cranial nerves I-II
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Cerebellum
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second largest part of brain
cauliflower 1/10 brain mass Transverse fissure Tentorium cerebelli Vermis R and L hemispheres Ant. Lobe Post. Lobe Flocculonodular lobe Falx cerebelli |
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Transverse fissure
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Sep. cerebrum from cerebellum
has "tentorium cerebelli"-one of the three dural folds |
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Tentorium cerebelli
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Cranial dura that extends into the above fissure
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Vermis
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"Worm shaped" -connects cerebellar hemispheres
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Ant. Lobe
Post. Lobe |
produce subconscious skeletal muscle movements
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Floculonodular lobe
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For equilibrium
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Falx cerebelli
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Another major dural fold
sickle-shaped lies btwn. cerebellar folds over vermis |
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Cortex
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Of gray mater
Folia |
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Folia
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External folds (raised) of gray mater
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White matter tracts arbor vitae
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Beneath gray matter
"tree of life" |
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Cerebellar nuclei
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Masses of gray mater
like cerebrum, they occur in white mater- in this case= the arbor vitae |
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Cerebellum peduncles
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All three connect cerebellum to brain stem
Inf. Middle Sup. |
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Cerebellum (FUNCTIONS)
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Muscular coordination of complex actions
Recerive sensory input regarding balance, posture and movement Helps maintain posture and balance |
