Cracking Evolution And Diversity (Sat)

Front 1

the atmosphere today is mostly made of....

Back 1

1) NITROGEN (78%)
2) OXYGEN (21%)
3) small amounts of CO2, helium and neon

Front 2

the atmosphere on early Earth was mostly made up of_______

Back 2

hydrogen, ammonia, methane, and water

Front 3

heterotroph hypothesis

Back 3

-according to this theory, life began with an atmosphere consistingn of hydrogen, ammonia, methane, and water
-the climate of early Earth was fairly intense with more lightning, volcanic activity, and UV radiation than we experience today

Front 4

heterotrophs

Back 4

can not synthesize their own foods

Front 5

did Earth's early atmosphere contain oxygen?
-If not, how did oxygen come about?

Back 5

no
-oxygen is the by product (waste product) of early autotrophs, and it gradually accumulated

Front 6

gene pool

Back 6

all the genes of all the people in the whole population

Front 7

genetic variability

Back 7

each person in the population has a distinct set of genes, different from others

Front 8

fossil records give evidence of______

Back 8

1) the history of life on our
planet
2) shows how different groups
of organisms have
changed over time
(evidence for evolution)

Front 9

geographic isolation

Back 9

group of individuals remain isolated from the rest of the species due to geographic barriers

Front 10

natural selection

Back 10

the better competitors are better at staying alive, and they have a better chance of reproducing

Front 11

fitness

Back 11

describes an organism's ability to comtribute to the next generation's gene pool by producing surviving offspring

Front 12

speciation
-what is the most common cause of speciation

Back 12

the formation of a new species by evolution or other means.

-evolution

Front 13

divergent evolution

Back 13

the process by which two populations of the same species end up having different behaviors and traits

Front 14

homologous structures

Back 14

structures that are common in species that share a common ancestor

Front 15

convergent evolution

Back 15

evolution that results in the production of simliar traits and behaviors between 2 separate species and/or populations

Front 16

does convergent evolution result in speciation?

Back 16

NEVER

Front 17

analogous structures

Back 17

structures that are similar adaptations that result from convergent evolution

Front 18

vestigial structures

Back 18

structures that become useless over time and become smaller and smaller and eventually are not seen in the organisms

Front 19

evolution means a change in a population's______

Back 19

gene pool

Front 20

name phylogeny in order (broad to specific)

Back 20

1) domain
2) kingdom
3) phylum
4) class
5) order
6) family
7) genus
8) species


Dumb King Philip Came Over From Germany-So?

Front 21

taxonomy

Back 21

the term given to the science of classification

Front 22

carolus linnaeus
-came up with

Back 22

-came up with the modern system of classification (binomial system)

Front 23

binomial system
-who came up with it

Back 23

binomial system of classification is based on a 2 part name for each organism
----1st part is the organism's genus
----2nd part is the organism's species
-linnaeus

Front 24

life began with _____, _____organisms

Back 24

unicellular, anaerobic organisms

Front 25

domain bacteria
-made up of_____
-lack a____
-any kingdoms?

Back 25

-made up of prokaryotes and includes bacteria
-they lack a nucleus, any membrane bound organelles, and have a circular DNA genome
-1 kingdom: Eubacteria
-this domain and kingdom includes cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

Front 26

cyanobacteria

Back 26

-part of domain bacteria and kingdom eubacteria
-AKA: blue-green algae (contain chlorophyll and can photosynthesize)

Front 27

Domain Archaea
-made up of____
-kingdoms?
-lack_____
-living conditions of organisms

Back 27

-made up of prokaryotes
-kingdom Archaebacteria
-lack nuclei and organelles, and have a circular DNA genome
-Domain archaea organisms often live in extremely harsh environments that most other organisms could not tolerate (extremophiles)

Front 28

extremophiles

Back 28

organisms that live in harsh environments that most other organisms could not tolerate

Front 29

extreme halophiles

Back 29

organisms that live in extremely salty conditions

Front 30

extreme thermophiles

Back 30

organisms that live in extremely hot conditions

Front 31

methanogens

Back 31

extreme anaerobes that release methane gas as a waste product

Front 32

Domain Eukarya
-what is this domain made up
of?
-organisms contain....
-kingdoms?

Back 32

-made up of eukaryotes
-contain nuclei, membrane bound organelles, and linear DNA
-divided into 4 kingdoms (main): protista, plantae, fungi, and animalia

Front 33

kingdom protista
-organisms are_____
-organisms contain_____
-multicellulara?/unicellular?
-groups/phyla?

Back 33

-eukaryotes
-contain organelles and a true nucleus
-most are unicellular, but some form colonies and are multicellular
-this kingdom divided into 3 main groups/phyla : protozoa (animal-like), algae (plant like), and few fungus like protists

Front 34

protozoa

Back 34

animal like protists

Front 35

algae

Back 35

plant like protists

Front 36

amoebas
-multi/uni cellular?
-how do they move around?
-where are they found?
-parasitic?
-what kingdom and domain are these a part of?

Back 36

-all unicellular
-move about using cellular extensions called pseudopodia
-found in soils and also in freshwater nad marine environments
-some are parasitic
-domain eukarya and kingdom protista

Front 37

pseudopodia

Back 37

cellular extensions that allow amoebas to move about

Front 38

sporozoans
-parasitic?
-what type of life cycles do they undergo
-what domain and kingdom are they classified under?

Back 38

-all animal parasites
-have life cycles with both sexual and asexual stages that often require 2 or more different host species for completion
-domain eukary and kingdom protista

Front 39

ciliates
-unicellular/multicellular?
-how are they classified?
-what domain and kingdom are they a part of?

Back 39

-unicellular
-characterized by their use of cilia for movement and feeding
-domain eukaria and kingdom protista

Front 40

slime molds
-what do they resemble?
-they contain many_____
-what domain and kingdom are they a part of

Back 40

-resemble overgrown ameoba
-have many nuclei
-domain eukaria and kingdom protista

Front 41

euglena
-unicellular/multicellular?
-what is it?
-what domain and kingdom is it under

Back 41

-unicellular
-photosynthetic algae
-domain eukaria and kingdom protista

Front 42

diatoms
-unicellular?/multicellular?
-have unique______
-live in_______
-what domain and kingdom are the a part of

Back 42

-unicellular
-have unique glasslike walls
-live in both freshwater and marin environments

Front 43

brown algae
-commonly known as_____
-they are considered as_____
-unicellular?/ multicellular?
-most live in_______
-what domain and kingdom are they a part of

Back 43

-commonly known as
seaweed
-largest and most complex of the plantlike protists
-multicellular
-most live in marine environments

Front 44

Kingdom plants
-all plants are unicellular?/multicellular?, eukaryote/prokaryote, and photosynthetic/nonphotosynthetic?

Back 44

multicellular, eukaryotic, and photosynthetic

Front 45

plants are grouped into 2 general categories based on how they transport water:

Back 45

1) vascular plants
2) nonvascular plants

Front 46

vascular plants can be further divided into....

Back 46

1) seedless plants
2) seed plants

Front 47

seed plants can be further divided into

Back 47

1) gymnosperms (non
flowering or naked)
2) angiosperms (flowering or
covered)

Front 48

nonvascular plants
-lack____
-where MUST they live
-what do they need for fertilization
-these plants DON'T have______
-examples:

Back 48

-lack the vascular tissue found in most plants (xylem and phloem)
-must live in damp areas where water is abundant
-they require WATER for fertilization
-these plants don't have true stems, leaves, and roots
-examples: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

Front 49

mosses are an example of____(vascular/nonvascular)

Back 49

nonvascular plants

Front 50

liverworts are an example of____(vascular/nonvascular)

Back 50

nonvascular plants

Front 51

hornworts are an example of____(vascular/nonvascular)

Back 51

nonvascular plants

Front 52

ferns
-vascular/nonvascular?
-contain_____
-DON'T have_____, and instead have______

Back 52

-vascular plants
-contain vascular tissue xylem and phloem, as well as true stems, leaves, and roots
-DON'T have SEEDS, and instead have SPORES, which can be scattered in the wind

Front 53

conifers
-vascular/nonvascular?
-most conifers are______
-gymnosperms/angiosperms

Back 53

-true vascular plants
-most conifers are large evergreen trees, such as pines, firs, and cedars
-gymnosperms

Front 54

angiosperms can be divided into

Back 54

1) monocots
2) dicots

Front 55

monocots
-named for____
-characteristics...
-what type of ROOT SYSTEM does it have

Back 55

-named for their single seed leaves
-parallel veins in their leaves
-flower parts in multiple of threes
-complex arrangement of vascular tissue in their stems
-fibrous root system

Front 56

dicots
-characteristics
-what type of ROOT SYSTEM does it have

Back 56

-have 2 seed leaves
-netlike veins in their leaves
-flower parts in multiples of four or five
-vascular tissue arranged in a ring
-taproot system

Front 57

kingdom fungi
-eukaryote/prokaryote?
-multicellular/unicellular?
-they lack______

Back 57

-eukaryotic
-multicellular
-yeast is unicellular
-lack chloroplasts (heterotrophic)
-lack a digestive system and are absorptive feeders

Front 58

is yeast unicellular/multicellular?
-what kindom is it under?

Back 58

-unicellular
-kingdom fungi

Front 59

kimgdom animalia
-eukaryote/prokaryote
-multicellular/unicellular
-heterotrophic/aututrophic

Back 59

-eukaryote
-multicellular
-heterotrophic

Front 60

sponges
-sessile?
-characteristics
-most sponges live in...
-what kingdom and domain are they under

Back 60

-sessile (non-moving)
-have a perforated body wall made of two layers of cells
-water is drawn through the body wall into the animal, where food in the water is trapped and ingested
-most sponges live in marine environments

Front 61

coelenterates
-body walls?
-symmetry?
-examples:
-domain and kingdom

Back 61

-body walls made of two layers of cells and a central, saclike-digesive system
-exhibit radial symmetry
-examples: hydra, jellyfish
-kindom animalia domain eukarya

Front 62

flatworms
-symmetry?
-characteristics
-domain and kingdom

Back 62

-bilateral symmetry
-moderate cephalization (a head)
-domian eukarya and kingdom animalia

Front 63

cephalization

Back 63

development of a head

Front 64

mollusks
-characteristics
-examples:
-have __major body organs: name them
-domain and kingdom

Back 64

-soft-bodied animals with hard external shells
-examples: snails, oysters, and clams
-3 major body organs: foot (movement), a visceral mass (where organs are contained), and a mantle (which may secrete a shell),
-domain eukarya and kingdom animalia

Front 65

segmented worms
-circulation?
-how do they secrete waste
-examples:
-domain and kingdom

Back 65

-closed circulation
-have a mouth and anus
-excrete waste through metanephridia
-earthworms

Front 66

arthropods
-characteristics
-circulatory system?
-examples
-domain and kingdom

Back 66

-have jointed appendages
-have a hard exoskeleton containing chitin, and a segmented body with a head, thorax, and abdomen
-open circulatory system
-eliminates waste through malpighian tubules
-crustaceans, insects

Front 67

the most diverse phylum in the animal kingdom

Back 67

arthropods

Front 68

echinoderms
-sessile?
-symmetry?
-examples:
-domain and kingdom

Back 68

-slow-moving or sessile animals
-radial symmetry
-water vascular system ending in tube feet that function in feeding, gas exchange, and movement
-examples: sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars
-kingdom animalia and domain eukarya

Front 69

chordates
-vertebrates/invertebrates?
-characteristics
-domain and kingdom

Back 69

-have a hollow notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, and a tail
-almost all are vertebrates
-domain eukarya and kingdom animalia

Front 70

cartilaginous fishes
-characteristics
-examples
-which phylum is it part of

Back 70

-have flexible skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone
-well developed jaws and fins
-breathe through gills
-some lay eggs and some bear live young
-examples: sharks and sting ray
-phylum chordates

Front 71

bony fishes
-characteristics
-examples
-which phylum are they a part of
-where do they live

Back 71

-have true bone skeletons
-breathe through gills and lay large number of eggs, which lack shells
-live in both freshwater and marine environments
-examples: bass, tuna, and trout
-phylum chordates

Front 72

amphibians
-characteristics
-which phylum are they a part of
-examples

Back 72

-well adapted to both land and water
-their eggs lack shells and must be laid in the water
-breathe through lungs and/or skin
-examples: frogs and salamanders
-phylum chordates

Front 73

reptiles
-characteristics
-where do they live
-examples
-which phylum are they a part of
-their young
-breathing

Back 73

-terrestrial animals with thick, scaly skin adapted to resist water loss
-live well in dry areas, although some inhabit water
-their eggs have shells to resist dehydration, or they bear live young
-breath through lungs
-examples: crocodiles, lizards, and snakes
-phylum chordate

Front 74

birds
-characteristics
-examples
-phylum
-endothermic/exothermic

Back 74

-forelimbs modified as wings
-breathe through lungs and lay shelled eggs
-endothermic
-owls, eagles, sparrows, and penguins
-phylum chordates

Front 75

mammals
-characteristics
-breathing
-phylum
-examples
-endothermic/exothermic

Back 75

-endothermic
-have hair
-nourish their young from mammary glands
-breathe through lungs
-most bear live young
-rodents, kangaroos, antelope, and humans
-phylum chordate