Cr

Front 1

Bacon

Back 1

16th-17th cent. London
-world consists of individual bodies. Act according to fixed laws
-separation of phil and relig
-man views world around and est. laws. Relig and philosophy contradict..believe both
-two souls: rational and irrational

Front 2

Hobbes

Back 2

-17th. English
-world in relation to math
-bodies in motion. Everything has motion. Motion is the cont. giving up of one space by bodies and assuming another
-must limit knowledge of God.
-good=pleasure. Evil=pain. Relative to each man

Front 3

Spinoza

Back 3

Netherlands. 17th
-"stuff" in uni. composed of God. God is in everything. Pantheist
-GOd is both mind and body, but mind and body are independent.
-·All bodies in the universe form a chain of causes. Everything in the universe follows from something else in a casual chain

Front 4

Rousseau

Back 4

Switzerland. 18th
-GOvt must carry out will of people. Sovereignty lies within hands of people.
-man is thing of feeling, sentient
-science has imprisoned man. Must return to nature.
-Man is a soul trying to live in according to dictates of freedom

Front 5

Nietzsche

Back 5

1844-1900. Prussia
-Universe does not care of man and his dreams or hopes. Not friendly to man
-In terms of state. strong destroy weak
-essence of man is will to power

Front 6

Schopenhauer

Back 6

Poland. 18th-19th
-When man wants something, he sets out to create it. Will is the cause of the universe.
-the world is in terms of the human individual.
-Self-sacrifice brings happiness and peace. Individ. must realize part of whole
-At death. Individual dies, but soul is basic part of uni and lives on.

Front 7

Lao-tzu

Back 7

-6th century B.C. Chinese
-basic unity behind the uni. is a mysterious and undefinable force known as Tao
-Life is greatest possession
-wrote Tao Te Ching
-Believed in living simply. Turn backs to advancement on society
-mostly concerned with quality of life on day-to-day basis

Front 8

Augustine

Back 8

North Africa. 430-354 b.c
-everything in life is predetermined by God
-God has absolute power and is creator of the uni
-everything in uni is good
-body and soul are united

Front 9

Aquinas

Back 9

-13th century from Sicily
-wanted to show uni was reasonable
-Believed uni is real, but exists within God's mind
-God=creator

Front 10

Descartes

Back 10

16ht-17th. French
-everything in nature can be explained by mechanics
-no empty space in uni. base of everything is substance
-all changes must follow laws of motion
-mind and body are indpt.

Front 11

Kant

Back 11

1724-1804. German.
-uses reason to form ideas.
-2 universes: phenomenal=through world of reason. Houmenal: through experience
-need both reason and experience.
-you can know the universe outside of your own world

Front 12

Kierkegaaard

Back 12

19th Danish
-Existence has three categories: Aesthetic (due to pain or pleasure), Ethical (conscious choices), Religious
-man goes from one level of experience to another

Front 13

Heidegger

Back 13

20th German
-Man must become aware of individuality
-Man is defined by: mood, understanding, speech
-theories are known as existentialism

Front 14

Buddha

Back 14

-540-480 B.C. Born in India
-People are bound to a cycle of birth and death.
-people should not seek extremes, but instead find the middle way
-people should find their own enlightenment instead of going through God
-people must follow eight-fold to break cycle

Front 15

John Locke

Back 15

17th English
-all knowledge comes from sense impressions
-there is a world that corresponds with our ideas and we can understand this world through our senses
-knowledge of the world is probable
-world composed of bodies and souls
-all we can know are our ideas

Front 16

Socrates

Back 16

469-399 B.C. Greek
-Interested in the man
-there is a basic principle of right and wrong.
-when man encounters true knowledge he will act upon it.
-God was to help state correct its mistakes
-placed high value on education

Front 17

Confucius

Back 17

6th century. Chinese
-social duties are most impt. and only secondary to prayer
-people should pray to spirits, but also keep them at a distance
-people need both li and jen to be supreme human being
-believed in natural goodness. Way to achieve this is thru good govt.

Front 18

Muhammad

Back 18

7th century. Born in Mecca
-only one God.Allah
-He was prophet of Allah and believes that He has the final word
-believes in the five pillars
-believes in monotheism

Front 19

Hegel

Back 19

18th-19th. German
-created German idealism
-believed in all ideas that united nature and freedom

Front 20

Leibniz

Back 20

17th-18th German
-believed whole world is built from units of forces
-came up with concepts of monads, which are small particles that make up a person.