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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is this?
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Caused by:
Destruction of alveolar walls/loss of elasticity 2 Forms: Centrilobular(acinar) **Smokers** Proximal respiratory bronchioles Apex of lung most affected (b/c smoke rises) Panlobular(acinar) ***Alpha1-protease inhibitor (antitrypsin) deficiency*** Entire acinus Base of lung most affected (receives most blood) Paraseptal emphysema: Associated with bullae (air filled blebs containing no lung tissue) |
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What is this and what is it associated with?
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large bullae
apparent on the surface of the lungs in a patient dying with emphysema. Bullae are large dilated airspaces that bulge out from beneath the pleura. Emphysema is characterized by a loss of lung parenchyma by destruction of alveoli so that there is permanent dilation of airspaces. |
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*Persistent cough w/ sputum production for >3mo in at least 2 consecutive yrs*** what is diagnosis?
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chronic bronchitis
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What is this?
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Note also the goblet cell hyperplasia in the epithelium.
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What is diagnosis after transplanted lung?
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Bronchiolitis obliterans
Note also that there are a number of hemosiderin-filled (brown macrophages) in alveolar spaces. These are a common finding in transplanted lungs. |
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Bronchiolitis Obliterans
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what is this?
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Bronchiectasis
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What is this diagnosis?
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Bronchiectasis
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What is the diagnosis?
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Bronchiectasis
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What is the diagnosis?
a. Severe sleep apnea in obese patients resulting in loss of hypercarbic drive (lower O2 levels, higher CO2 levels) due to poor breathing b. Positive anti-neutrophil cytoplasm (c-ANCA) test ** Histologically: Granuloma and patchy necrosis in small and medium-sized arteries |
a. Pickwickian syndrome
b. Wegeners disease c. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis |
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Wegener’s granulomatosis
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What is the diagnosis?
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Wegener’s granulomatosis
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Diagnosis
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Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (Hamman Rich)
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What does this show?
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sarcoidosis
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What is the diagnosis?
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Formation of **Non-caseating Granulomas**
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what are we looking at?
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Sarcoidosis
Formation of **Non-caseating Granulomas** |
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What do you see here?
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Sarcoidosis
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What do you see here?
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goodpasture's disease
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What is this known as?
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Lipid Pneumonia (“Golden lung”)
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What is this?
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Diffuse Pulmonary Amyloidosis
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What is this?
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Diffuse Pulmonary Amyloidosis
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What is this?
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Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
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What is diagnosis
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alveolar proteinosis
Accumulation of surfactant in the alveoli, interfering with gas exchange |
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What is this?
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alveolar proteinosis
Accumulation of surfactant in the alveoli, interfering with gas exchange |
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What do we have here?
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honeycom lung
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What is the diagnosis?
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honeycomb lung
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What is the diagnosis?
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Eosinophilic granuloma (Histiocytosis X)
Giant cells abnormally infiltrate the lungs **Birbeck granules** (looks like tennis racket) Histiocytes show "coffee bean nuclei” |
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What is diagnosis?
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Eosinophilic granuloma (Histiocytosis X)
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Diagnosis?
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Lobar pneumonia
Note: Neutrophilic exudate Some fibrin |
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Diagnosis?
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Lobar pneumonia
Note: Neutrophilic exudate Some fibrin |
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What is diagnosis?
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bronchopneumonia
Inflammation of bronchioles into adjacent alveoli Can contain multiple lobes |
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What is going on here?
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bronchopneumonia
Inflammation of bronchioles into adjacent alveoli Can contain multiple lobes |
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What is this?
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bronchopneumonia
Inflammation of bronchioles into adjacent alveoli Can contain multiple lobes |
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Diagnosis?
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lobar pneumonia
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diagnosis this bitch?
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broncho pneumonia
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diagnosis?
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aspiration pneumonia
Ingestion of foreign body into lungs Histology: Note the giant cells of foreign body aspirate |
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What is the diagnosis?
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aspiration pneumonia
Ingestion of foreign body into lungs Histology: Note the giant cells of foreign body aspirate |
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What is diagnosis?
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Aspiration pneumonia
Ingestion of foreign body into lungs Histology: Note the giant cells of foreign body aspirate |
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Diagnosis?
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Aspiration pneumonia
Ingestion of foreign body into lungs Histology: Note the giant cells of foreign body aspirate |
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What is diagnosis?
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lung absess
Cavity filled with pus, usually resulting from bronchial obstruction (i.e. cancer) aspiration (i.e. alcoholics, epileptics, loss of consciousness) Often caused by **S aureus** Note: : Cavity filled with pus surrounded by inflammatory cells |
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Diagnosis?
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lung absess
Cavity filled with pus, usually resulting from bronchial obstruction (i.e. cancer) aspiration (i.e. alcoholics, epileptics, loss of consciousness) Often caused by **S aureus** Note: : Cavity filled with pus surrounded by inflammatory cells |
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Patients cough up “red-currant jelly” sputum what is this?
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Klebsiella pneumonia
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Patients cough up “red-currant jelly” sputum what is this?
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Klebsiella pneumonia
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what is this?
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legionella
Causes Legionnaire’s disease (Or Legionellosis) |
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what is this?
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legionella
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Diagnosis?
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Characteristics:
Fungus formed in lesions of lungs Makes fungus ball in TB |
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Diagnosis?
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Characteristics:
Fungus makes a fungal ball when it inhabits lesion on lung from TB |
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What do we have here?
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aspergillus
Characteristics: Fungus Bottom pic is: A fungus ball composed of blue-staining hyphal elements of Aspergillus is seen here in a bronchus (forms fungus ball in Aspergillosis). Fungus balls may also form when fungi colonize cavitary lesions of tuberculosis. |
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diagnosis?
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Candida albacans
Characteristics: Fungus **Looks like balloon animals** Commonly affects immunocompromised |
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diagnosis?
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Candida albacans
Characteristics: Fungus **Looks like balloon animals** Commonly affects immunocompromised |
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Diagnosis
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Coccidioides
Characteristics: Fungus **Found within a giant cell** Found in SW USA Notes about pics: This well-formed granuloma has a large Langhans giant cell in the center. Two small spherules of Coccidioides immitis are seen in the giant cell. Bottom: At higher magnification, the thick wall of the C. immitis spherule is seen in a giant cell in the center of the photomicrograph. |
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What is diagnosis
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Coccidioides
Characteristics: Fungus **Found within a giant cell** Found in SW USA Notes about pics: This well-formed granuloma has a large Langhans giant cell in the center. Two small spherules of Coccidioides immitis are seen in the giant cell. Bottom: At higher magnification, the thick wall of the C. immitis spherule is seen in a giant cell in the center of the photomicrograph. |
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What is diagnosis?
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Coccidioides
Characteristics: Fungus **Found within a giant cell** Found in SW USA Notes about pics: This well-formed granuloma has a large Langhans giant cell in the center. Two small spherules of Coccidioides immitis are seen in the giant cell. Bottom: At higher magnification, the thick wall of the C. immitis spherule is seen in a giant cell in the center of the photomicrograph. |
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What is diagnosis?
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Coccidioides
Characteristics: Fungus **Found within a giant cell** Found in SW USA Notes about pics: This well-formed granuloma has a large Langhans giant cell in the center. Two small spherules of Coccidioides immitis are seen in the giant cell. Bottom: At higher magnification, the thick wall of the C. immitis spherule is seen in a giant cell in the center of the photomicrograph. |
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diagnosis?
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blastomyces
Characteristics: Fungus **Spheres found in pairs** |
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Diagnosis?
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blastomyces
Characteristics: Fungus **Spheres found in pairs** |
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diagnosis?
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Pneumocystis jeravicci
Characteristics: Fungus **Look like crushed ping pong balls** |
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diagnosis?
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Pneumocystis jeravicci
Characteristics: Fungus **Look like crushed ping pong balls** |
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Diagnosis?
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Pneumocystis jeravicci
Characteristics: Fungus **Look like crushed ping pong balls** |
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Diagnosis?
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Pneumocystis jeravicci
Characteristics: Fungus **Look like crushed ping pong balls** |
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Diagnosis?
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viral pneumonia
Characteristics: **Inflammatory cells are found interstitially (within the tissues), rather than exudative (above surfaces or in spaces) like acute inflammation.** |
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Condidtion?
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viral pneumonia
Characteristics: **Inflammatory cells are found interstitially (within the tissues), rather than exudative (above surfaces or in spaces) like acute inflammation.** |
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Cytomegalovirus
Charateristics: Herpesvirus **Looks like owl eyes** Immunocompromised |
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Diagnosi?
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Cytomegalovirus
Charateristics: Herpesvirus **Looks like owl eyes** Immunocompromised |
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Diagnosis?
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Cytomegalovirus
Charateristics: Herpesvirus **Looks like owl eyes** Immunocompromised |
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diagnosis?
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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
**One of the major viral causes of respiratory infections in kids** Characteristics: **Pink, rounded intracytoplasmic inclusions found within giant cells** |
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diah?
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TB
Infection of the lungs, contracted from the air Characteristics: **Red snappers** Ghon complex Requires acid fast stain Causes caseous necrosis (Caseating granulomas) Looks like cheese |
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diag?
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TB
Infection of the lungs, contracted from the air Characteristics: **Red snappers** Ghon complex Requires acid fast stain Causes caseous necrosis (Caseating granulomas) Looks like cheese |
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disg?
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TB
Infection of the lungs, contracted from the air Characteristics: **Red snappers** Ghon complex Requires acid fast stain Causes caseous necrosis (Caseating granulomas) Looks like cheese |
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diag?
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TB
Infection of the lungs, contracted from the air Characteristics: **Red snappers** Ghon complex Requires acid fast stain Causes caseous necrosis (Caseating granulomas) Looks like cheese |
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diagnos?
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TB
Infection of the lungs, contracted from the air Characteristics: **Red snappers** Ghon complex Requires acid fast stain Causes caseous necrosis (Caseating granulomas) Looks like cheese |
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diagnosis?
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TB
Infection of the lungs, contracted from the air Characteristics: **Red snappers** Ghon complex Requires acid fast stain Causes caseous necrosis (Caseating granulomas) Looks like cheese |
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diag?
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pulmonary congestion
Increased pulmonary venous hydrostatic pressure resulting from: Left-sided heart failure Mitral valve disease **Will see Hemosiderin-laden macrophages (heart failure cells)** Hemosiderin –Iron containing pigment Indicates bleeding |
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diag?
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pulmonary congestion
Increased pulmonary venous hydrostatic pressure resulting from: Left-sided heart failure Mitral valve disease **Will see Hemosiderin-laden macrophages (heart failure cells)** Hemosiderin –Iron containing pigment Indicates bleeding |
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Diag?
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Pulmonary Edema
Fluid accumulation within the lungs Causes: Left-sided heart failure Mitral valve stenosis Fluid overload Nephrotic syndrome Liver dz Infections, drugs, shock, and radiation |
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diga?
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Pulmonary embolism
Arise from: **Deep vein thrombosis** (calf-most common) Saddle embolus When embolus straddles the division of the pulmonary arteries |
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diag?
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pulmonary embolism
Arise from: **Deep vein thrombosis** (calf-most common) Saddle embolus When embolus straddles the division of the pulmonary arteries |
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diag?
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pulmonary infarct
Area of tissue death due to ischemia Red infarct Due to dual blood supply |
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diag?
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pulmonary infarct
Area of tissue death due to ischemia Red infarct Due to dual blood supply |
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diag?
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fat embolism
Complication of bone fracture |
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diag?
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ARDS (Acute respiratory distress syndrome)
Life-threatening lung condition that prevents enough oxygen from getting into the blood. Causes: Trauma Sepsis (most common) Shock Gastric aspiration Uremia Acute pancreatitis Amniotic fluid embolism Diffuse alveolar damage -> Increased alveolar capillary permeability -> Protein-rich leakage into alveoli -> Results in formation of intra-alveolar hyaline membrane |
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diag?
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ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)
Diffuse alveolar damage -> Increased alveolar capillary permeability -> Protein-rich leakage into alveoli -> Results in formation of intra-alveolar hyaline membrane |
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diag?
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ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)
Diffuse alveolar damage -> Increased alveolar capillary permeability -> Protein-rich leakage into alveoli -> Results in formation of intra-alveolar hyaline membrane |
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NRDS- neonatal rspiratory distress
Surfactant deficiency leading to increased surface tension, causing alveolar collapse Type II pneumocytes –Make surfactant Surfactant most abundantly made after 35th wk Lecithin-Sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid (measure of lung maturity) should be >1.5 In NRDS, the ratio is < 1.5 Risk factors: Prematurity Maternal diabetes C-section delivery Histology looks exactly like ARDS |
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diag?
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atelactasis
Lack of gas exchange within alveoli due to alveolar collapse or fluid accumulation |
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diag
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Pneumothorax
Types: Primary spontaneous pneumothorax –Spontaneously occur in young people without lung dz Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax –Occurs with underlying lung condition Traumatic pneumothorax –As a result of a hole to the chest (stab, gunshot) Tension pneumothorax –Medical emergency, results in severe hypoxia secondary to blunt or penetrating injury of the lung Can differentiate because it causes a shift in the mediastinum (heart should be left of midline!) |
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What is the diagnosis
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Mitral valve prolapse... Barlow's
Mitral leaflets project back into the Left atrium during systole 7 % of US population Most commonly in women Marfan syndrome |
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What the diagnosis?
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Rheumatic fever
Inflammatory dz following a Group A Strep infection affecting the heart, brain, joints, and skin Characteristics: **Aschoff bodies** (inflammation of connective tissue in heart) Thickened chordae tendineae Aortic and mitral valve (most commonly affected valve |
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Diagnosis?
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Rheumatic fever
Inflammatory dz following a Group A Strep infection affecting the heart, brain, joints, and skin Characteristics: **Aschoff bodies** (inflammation of connective tissue in heart) Thickened chordae tendineae Aortic and mitral valve (most commonly affected valve |
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What the cardinal signs of Bacterial endocarditis?
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FROM JANE
1. Fever 2. Roth’s spots (cotton wool spot surrounded by hemorrhage –white centered hemorrhage) 3. Osler’s nodes (painful, red lesions of hands/feet) 4.Murmur 5. Janeway lesions (Flat, painless, bluish-red spots on palms/soles) 6. Anemia 7. Nail-bed (splinter) hemorrhage 8. Emboli |
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What are these called and shown in what pathology?
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Osler node and Janeway lesions
endocarditis |
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What are these two things?
What pathology are they usually related to? |
Splinter hemorrages and vegetation
Endocarditis |
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What do we see here?
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Marantic Endocarditis
Non-bacterial accumulation of fibrin and platelets on valves Seen in… **Cancer patients (pancreatic cancer)** Patients with hypercoaguability |
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Libman sacks- lupus endocarditis (non-infections)
**Most common heart manifestation of SLE** Can be associated with… Mitral regurgitation Mitral stenosis |
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Endomyocardial fibroelastosis
Rare disorder affecting kids <2 yrs old Characteristics: Thickening of endocardium (due to increased amount of connective tissue and elastic fibers) |
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For Carcinoid disorder..
1. Hormone associated? 2. Effect on heart? |
1. Serotonin
2. The serotonin released into the big veins will promote endocardial fibrosis usually limited to the right side leading to tricuspid regurgitation |
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What is common effect of opiate use?
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Results in pulmonary edema
and constipation Users foam at the mouth |
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What are the five main ways stimulants such as cocaine can kill you?
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Ways it can kill you
1. Blocks Na+ channels in the heart slows HR 2. Stroke 3. Excited delirium 4. MI/ischemia/cardiomyopathy 5. Tachyarrhythmia (most common) |
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What is a common problem seen in cocaine abuse?
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Excited Delirium
Hyperthermia Delirium Respiratory arrest Death |
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Explain the process of metabolizing cocaine
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Serum ½ life is 1 hr metabolized to benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester both of those degrade into ecgonine
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What do you see and what is diagnosis?
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The shiny (birefringent) white stuff in there is talc, which is commonly used to cut drugs (especially cocaine) and stays in the lung
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What is seen here?
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Charcot-Leyden crystals (found in asthma)
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Legionella pneumophilia
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What is this? Patient has respiratory problems and find this
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Coccidoides
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Pneumonia
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Pulmonary embolism (recanalized)
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pulmonary edema
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bacterial endocarditis
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Asthma (mucus plugs)
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lipid pneumonia
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Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
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What is this?
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saddle embolism
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TB
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aspergillus fungus ball
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Coccidioides
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Asthma
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What is this?
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sarcoidosis
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Blue blebs in emphysema
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Aspiration pneumonia (note giant cells of foreign body aspirate)
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Plexiform lesion (pulmonary hypertension)
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Curschmann’s spirals
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Klebsiella
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What is this?
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Anthrax
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Chronic bronchitis (mucus gland hyperplasia)
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Chronic bronchitis (mucus gland hyperplasia)
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Asthma (lots of eosinophils)
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Obliterative bronchiolitis (constrictive bronchiolitis)
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Centrilobular emphysema
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Asthma
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Curschmann’s spirals
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Bronchiectasis
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Goodpasture’s syndrome
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Sarcoidosis
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What is thsi virus?
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Cytomegalovirus
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viral pneumonia
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Marantic endocarditis (Non-bacterial endocarditis)
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Caseating granuloma (TB)
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bronchopneumonia
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Amoeba
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Molluscum contagiosum
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Hamman-Rich syndrome
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klebsiella
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Libman-Sacks endocarditis
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Dilated cardiomyopathy
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talc back in the lung
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talc in the lung
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talc in the lung
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Pneumocystis
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asperigillus
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Pneumocystis carinii
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Emphysema
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Honeycomb lung (from fibrosis seen in restrictive lung disease)
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TB (Ghon complex yellow spot on far right)
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Pulmonary edema
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Caseating granuloma (TB)
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Actinomyces
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Ruptured MI
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Candida
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Calcified mitral valve
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Caseating necrosis (TB)
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Bronchiectasis
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Bronchiectasis
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Bacterial endocarditis
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Mesothelioma
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Epiglottitis -->Croup
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Pneumocystis carinii
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Aschoff nodule of Chronic Rheumatic Fever
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Obliterative bronchiolitis (constrictive bronchiolitis)
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Kidney and lungs
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Wegener’s Granulomatosis
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Coccidioides
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