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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an allergen?
Which antibody does immune response create in most allergic reaction? What does the term atopy mean? |
an Ag that elicits allergic responses in susceptible individuals with little to no intrinsic toxicity
IgE - atopy- propensity for developing immediate hypersensitivity reactions to common environmental allergens |
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1. What cytokines would be found in a Th2 type allergic reaction?
2. Which is specific to eosinophils? |
1. IL- 4, IL- 5 , IL- 13
2. IL-5 |
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What are four immunotherapeutic Strategies for asthma?
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1. Ag therapy
2. IL-10 therapy 3. TGF-B therapy 4. CpG allergen conjugates |
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What do the following chromosomes do in development of Asthma?
(5q, 6, 11q, 12, 13) |
a. fetal undernutrition with thymic hypoplasia, maternal smoking, placental transfer of allergen-sensitive T cells
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Discuss indoor and outdoor allergens as the causes of atopic allergic diseases
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Indoor allergens- mold, animal dander, dust mites and cochroaches usually associated with asthma
Outdoor allergens- important in allergic rhinitis include pollinating trees and grasses |
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What is the main genetic trigger of Asthma?
What are some other genetic factors that cause atopy, and what does ATOPY lead to? |
IL-4
Other genetic factors- HLA alleles, FcERI-B, moprhs on CD14 Atopy can lead to Th-2 mediated allergic infllammation |
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Why do present day immunization lead the person more susceptible to allergies?
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The body becomes conditioned to ellicit TH2 responses which allows the body more susceptibility to allergies
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How can exposure to viral infections protect one against development of allergies and asthma?
What do viral infections do after asthma or allergies have developed? |
early exposure to respiratory infections allows the body to protect against development of allergies and asthma, but once asthma is established the viruses exacerbate the problem
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Explain how the immune system becomes sensitized to allergens?
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T-cells are activated after Dendritic cells present them with Ag, and signals for clonal expansion which changes Naive B cells to IgE
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Explain how allergic reactions can be triggered from skin contact of allergen...
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Mast cells are in tissue and immediately release granules (like stepping on a mine)
- Crosslinking of FceRI leads to activation |
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a. histamine, PGD2, and leukotrienes (C4, D4, E4)
b. bradykinin |
a. smooth muscle contraction, vascular permeability- allows cytokines to enter area/ constricts breathing passages
b. same but also vasodilator |
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What does the following mediator target and result in?
a. TNF-a and IL-1 |
endothelial cells, inflammation
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What does the following mediator target and result in?
Tryptase |
anaphylaxis /urticaria
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What does the following mediator target and result in?
a. prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) |
Pain
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What does the following mediator target and result in?
a. platelet- activating factor (PAF) |
bronchoconstriction,
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What does the following mediator target and result in?
a. IL-5 b. IL-13` |
sputum eosinophils
b. airway hyperresponsiveness |
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What events lead to chronic asthma?
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airway remodling occurs after progressive inflammation, also continued use of corticosteroids leads to chronic asthma
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Explain the following immunotherapy...
a. Ag immunotherapy b. IL-10 immunotherapy |
a. continual increased dosages of the specific allergen so that the immune system creates IL-10, TGF-B, and IgG instead of IgE
b. idea is to increase IL-10 which decreases: IgE activation, cytokine production increases: IgG production, IL-10 secreting regulatory T cells |
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What occurs in the CpG oligodeoxynucleotide immunotherapy?
Explain the role of CpG in it... |
CpG can act as immunostimulants via TLR9
- they stimulate TH1 responses and suppress the TH2 |
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Explain the cascade that results in allergic rhinitis
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Airborne particles are inhaled and diffused into nasal tissue
- this causes CD4 T lymphocytes to release cytokines that promote IgE growth, which leads to inflammatory cells coming |
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In acute allergic rhinitis which mediator causes the following symptoms?
a. principal mediator for itching, rhinorrhea, and sneezing b. development of nasal congestion |
a. histamine
b. leukotrienes and PGD2 |
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Explain what occurs in late-phase response of allergic rhinitis compared to acute
- What predominates nasal secretions? - What would be perdominately found in nasal biopsy specimens? |
occurs 4-8 hrs after acute stage, more nasal congestion more immune cells come to the scene
- eosinophils - CD4 + TH2 lymphocytes |
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Explain the hygiene hypothesis and its importance to allergies
Incorporate TH1/TH2 balance discussion... |
Decreased early exposure to common infections can cause an increased tendencies to develop allergies.
- Balance between TH1/TH2 offset toward TH2 at birth, but can be balanced by Th1- responses which would incease T-regulatory cells which would decrease development of unrelated immunemediated disease |
