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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In an emergency...
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1. Size up scene (is safe)
2. Initial Assessment 3. Summon advanced medical personnel |
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When do you call first? When do you care fisrt?
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-call first if suspect cardiac emergency
-care first situations are likely to be breathing emergencies -provide care for 2 minutes and then summon advanced medical personnel if... unconscious infant/child; victim of drowining; cardiac arrest assoc w/ trauma; OD |
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Signs of Stroke
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-stroke is third leading cause of death in U.S.
-signs and symptoms: FAST Face: weakness on one side of face Arm: weakness/numbness in one arm Speech: slurred speech Time: note time signs/symptoms were first observed |
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Adult, Child, and Infant: Ages
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-adult: 12 yrs or older
-child: 1 to about 12 years -infant: under 1 |
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Adult and Child Ages w/ AED
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-adult: 9 years or older
-child: 1 to 8 years old or less than 55 lbs |
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Breathing Emergences
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-respiratory distress: difficulty breathing
-respiratory arrest/failure: stop breathing |
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Rescue breathing
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-each breath should last about 1 sec and make chest clearly rise
-adult: 1 breath every 5 sec -child/infant: 1 breath every 3 sec |
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Airway Obstruction
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-most common cause of respiratory emergencies
-anatomical obstruction or mechanical obstruction |
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Conscious choking victim
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-get consent first
-adult/child: 5 black blows followed by 5 abdominal thrusts -infant: 5 black blows/ 5 abdominal thrusts |
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Special considerations for choking victims
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-if victim is pregnant, position hands slightly higher on victim's chest
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Unconscious Choking Vicitm
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-consent implied
-adult/child/infant: 5 thrusts, look for object, see object swipe it out, try 2 rescue breaths, repeat cycle if necessary |
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Chest compression depths
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-adult: 1.5 to 2 in.
-child: 1 to 1.5 in. -infant: .5 to 1 in. |
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Initial Assessment
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1. check for consciousness and obtain consent if conscious
2. if no response, summon advanced medical personnel 3. check for signs of life (movement/breathing) for no more than 10 sec 4. give 2 rescue breaths if no movement or breathing 5. if chest clearly rises, check for pulse no more than 10 sec 6. check for severe bleeding |
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Opening airway
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-tilt adult head back
-tilt child head slightly past neutral -tilt infant head to neutral -if head, neck, or back injury use jaw-thrust maneuver |
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Checking pulse
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-adult/child: carotid artery on neck
-infant: brachial on inside of upper arm |
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What to do: movement, breathing, pulse
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-place in recovery position and monitor ABC's
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What to do: first 2 rescue breaths don't make chest clearly rise
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-unconscious choking victim
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What to do: pulse but no movement or breathing
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-rescue breathing
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What to do: no movement, no breathing, and no pulse
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-CPR
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Rescue Breathing: Adult
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-pulse but no movement or breathing
-1 breath every 5 seconds -continue for 2 minutes -remove mask and look for movement and recheck for breathing and a pulse for no more than 10 seconds |
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Rescue Breathing: Child and Infant
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-1 breath every 3 seconds
-continue for 2 minutes -recheck for breathing, pulse, and movement |
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Conscious Choking Adult and Child
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1. size up scene
2. ask "are you choking?" -identify self and ask if can help (obtain consent) -encourage continued coughing if coughing 3. if victim can't cough, speak, or breath have some one summon medical help 4. lean victim forward and give 5 back blows w/ heel of hand 5. give 5 abdominal thrusts |
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Back Blows
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-place one arm diagonally across chest and lean victim forward
-strike victim bwt shoulder blades |
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Abdominal Thrusts
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-adult: stand behind victim
-child: stand or kneel behind child -place thumb side of fist above the navel -give quick, upward thrusts |
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Continue giving back blow and abdominal thrusts until
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-object is forced out
-victim begins to breathe or coupgh -victim becomes unconscious |
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Conscious Choking Infant
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-position infant face down on forearm
-lower infant onto thigh keeping infant's head lower than chest -give 5 back blows -position infant face-up along forearm -give 5 chest thrust w/ 2 or 3 fingers just below nipple line |
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what if first 2 rescue breaths don't make chest clearly rise
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-reposistion the airway by tilting head further back and try 2 breaths again
-if breaths still don't go in go to unconscious choking victim |
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Unconscious choking adult/child
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-give 5 chest thrusts
-compress at rate of 100 compression per minute -look inside victim's mouth -if see object take it out -give 2 breath again |
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Unconscious choking infant
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-remove mask and give 5 chest compressions (2/3 fingers below nipple line)
-look for object in mouth -see object take out -give 2 breaths again |
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Cardia Chain of Survival
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1. early recognition of emergency and early access to EMS
2. Early CPR 3. Early Difibrillation 4. Early advance medical care |
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Common causes of heart attack
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-usu result from cardiovascular disease
-respiratory distress -electrocution -traumatic injury |
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Atherosclerosis
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-depositis of cholestrol and other materials buildup on inner walls of arteries causing vessels to narrow
-when coronary arteries narrow, a heart attack may occur |
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Signs of Heart Attack
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-discomfort, pressure, or pain (in chest)
-pain that comes and goes (angina pectoris) -trouble breathing (faster than normal) -ashen or pale skin -sweat heavily or dizzy -pain in left arm -naseau/vomitting |
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Myocardial Infarction
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-heart attack
-muscles of heart suffer a loss of oxygenated blood |
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Care for a heart attack
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-call 911
-have victim rest -loosen tight/uncomfortable clothing -monitor victim -comfort victim -give aspirin if able -assist w/ prescribed meds -be prepared to give CPR or use AED |
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Cardiac Arrest
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-caused by heart attack, electrocution, respiratory arrest, or drowining
-hearth stops beating or is beating to irregulary or weakly to circulate blood effectively |
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Signs of cardiac arrest
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-unconsciouness
-no movement or breathing -no pulse |
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CPR
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-chest compressions circulate blood to victim's brain and other vital organs
-let chest fully recoil to normal position after each compression before starting next compression |
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What may happen when giving CPR
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-break victim's ribs or seperate cartilage
-victim may vomit -scene may become chaotic -not all victim's survive |
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Adult CPR
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-30 chest compressions and 2 rescue breaths
-two hands on the center of the chest -compress 1.5 to 2 in. -about 100 compressions per min |
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Child CPR
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-30 compressions and 2 rescue breaths
-two hands or one on center of chest -compress 1 to 1.5 in. -100 compressions per min |
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Infant CPR
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-30 compressions and 2 rescue breaths
-two or three fingers on center of chest -compress .5 to 1 in. -100 compressions per min |
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Two-Rescuer CPR
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-adult: 30 compressions/2 breaths
-child: 15 compressions/2 breaths -infant: 15 compressions/2 breaths -15:2 ratio provides more frequent respiration for children and infants |
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CPR-Special Situations
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-in stairwell, move victim to flat area (don't interrupt CPR for longer than 30 sec)
-do not interrupt CPR while a victim is being transferred to ambulance or ER |
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Administering emergency oxygen
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-higher concentration of O2 being deliverd to a victim can help counter the effects of a life-threatening injury or illness to the body
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Continue CPR until...
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-another trained person arrives to take over
-AED is available to use -too exhausted -scene becomes unsafe -notice an obvious sign of life |
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two-rescuer CPR
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-rescuer 2 gives chest compression
-rescuer 1 gives 2 breaths after compressions -do about 2 minutes of compression/breath cycles -change positions |
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AED
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-automated external defibrillation
-provides electric shock to heart -disrupts electrical activity of V-fib and V-tach long enough so hearth can spontaneously develop effective rhythm on own |
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Hearts electricl system
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-electrical impulses from conduction system travel through atria (upper chambers) to ventricles (lower chambers)
-under normal conditions impulse reaches muscular walls of ventricles and causes ventricles to contract forcing blood out of heart to circulate through body |
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Sinoatrial Node (SA)
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-normal point of origin on electrical impulses above atria
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Atrioventricular Node (AV)
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-midway point bwt atria and ventricles
-electical impulse travels to here where pathway divides into 2 branches (right and left ventricle) |
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Pulse
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-contraction of left ventricle
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ECG
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-electrocardiogram
-evaulate electrical activity of heart -rhythms appear as series of peaks and valleys |
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Ventricular Fibrillation (V-fib)
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-totally disorganzied electricl activity in the heart
-fibrillations or quiverings of ventricles -ventricles can't pump blood and there is no movement, breathing, or pulse |
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Two most common rhythms initially present in cardiac arrest
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-ventricular fibrillation
-ventricular tachycardia |
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Ventricular Tachycardia (V-tach)
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-rapid contraction of the ventricles
-rate is often so fast that the heart is unable to pump blood properly -no movement, breathing, or pulse |
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Asystole
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-all electrical activity ceases b/c v-fib and v-tach were not interrupted
-asytole cannot be corrected by defibrillation |
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Using an AED: adult
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-provide 1 shock followed by 5 cycles (2 min) of CPR
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Possible causes of cardiac arrest in children
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-respiratory distress (ie choking)
-traumatic injuries or accidents -hard blow to chest -congenital heart disease |
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AED precautions
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-don't touch victim while defibrillating or analyzing
-don't use alcohol to wipe victim's chest (flammable) -don't defibrillate around flammable materials -don't use AED in moving vehicle -don't use AED on victim in contact w/ water -don't use pediatric pads on adults -don't use AED on victim wearing nitroglycerin patch or other patches -don't use phone or radio w/in 6 ft of AED |
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AED special situations
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-around water: remove wet clothes
-implantable devices: do not place defibrillation pad directly over device -nitrogylcerin patches: remove all patches hypothermia: initial assessment takes longer (30-45 sec) and don't shake cause could result in v-fib -traume -chest hair |
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Using an AED: adult and child
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-turn on AED
-wipe chest dry -attack the pads (one on upper right chest other on lower left side) *make sure pads aren't touching -make sure no one is touchin victim ("stand clear") -push analyze buttom -push shock buttom if indicated -after shock or if no shock is indicated give 5 cycles of CPR |
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6 steps in EMS system
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1. survey scene
2. call 911 3. professional rescue care 4. pre-hospital care 5. hospital care 6. rehab |
