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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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_____ is the nature of reality
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metaphysics
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_____ is the nature of knowledge
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epistemology
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_____ is your code of values
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ethics/morality
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_____ is defined as the "me"
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ethics/morality
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_____ is defined as the "we"
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politics
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_____ is your moral code for society
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politics
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_____ is the artistic expression of your philosophical view
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aesthetics
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what are the 2 main philosophical positions?
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1. empiricism
2. rationalism |
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Define empiricism
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the position that EXPERIENCE (SENSORY INPUT) is the main source of knowledge
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the position that experience (sensory input) is the main source of knowledge
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empiricism
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define rationalism
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the position that REASON OR INTELLECT is the main source of knowledge
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the position that reason or intellect is the main source of knowledge is defined as _____
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rationalism
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_____ defines the burden of proof
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epistemology
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Under epistemology, what is the main source of knowledge?
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intellect
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What is demarcation?
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drawing lines around science, thus creating divisions
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_____ is defined as specific observations leading to large generalizations
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inductive reasoning
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what is the premise for inductive reasoning?
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if a situation holds in all observed cases, then the situation holds true in ALL cases
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Name 3 weaknesses associated with inductive reasoning
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1. relies on partial knowledge
2. there is no "average" person 3. does not account for the immaterial or metaphysical (innate intelligence) |
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_____ is defined as general observations leading to specific conclusions
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deductive reasoning
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_____ is informally called a "top-down" approach
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deductive reasoning
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_____ tests a hypothesis with specific data ***(A CONFIRMATION METHOD)***
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deductive reasoning
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what are 3 widely used terms to distinguish a rationalist?
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1. A Priori
2. Analytic (IFF) 3. Synthetic |
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In rationalism, A Priori implies _____ _____ _____
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Independent of experience
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A priori literally means _____
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first
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What is an analytic statement (in regards to rationalism)?
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Something that is true and only true by definition (Bachelors are unmarried)
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What is a synthetic statement (in regards to rationalism)?
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any truth NOT true by definition (Jon is in class)
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_____ rejects metaphysical explanations
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logical empiricism (AKA logical positivism)
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This is things we learn about through other means (reading, etc.)
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knowledge by description
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what is knowledge by description? (in regards to empiricism)
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things we learn about through other means
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What does the invisible college actually accomplish?
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keeps the scientists accountable (more or less)
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What is the general concern in regards to consensus and conspiracy?
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the concentration of "power" in the hands of a few
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Where do scientific papers fit in (concerning institutionalization)?
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they are the primary goal of the scientist
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What is methodological pluralism?
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says that no single scientific method exists. You can't say this is the EXACT SCIENTIFIC METHOD
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What is the primary motivation of science?
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the discovery of something previously unknown
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What is the focus of pure science?
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the creation of new knowledge
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What is the basic goal of applied science?
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the practical/technical application of new knowledge
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_____ is defined as sets of general principles that explain a range of observed phenomena
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theory
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theories allow us to make _____
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predictions
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Who was the primary influence for the move into positivism and falsifiability?
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Karl Popper
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With regards to falsifiability, if a theory cannot be tested, then what?
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it has no value
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_____ is defined as everything that defines a way of doing a particular science at a given time
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paradigm
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define paradigm
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everything that defines a way of doing a particular science at a given time
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science done under the guidelines of the current paradigm is defined as _____
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normal science
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the eventual replacement of one paradigm with another based on scientific investigation is defined as
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revolutionary science
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a paradigm shift changes what 4 things?
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1. the way terminology is defined
2. how scientists view their subjects 3. what questions are viewed as valid 4. what rules are used to determine the truth of a particular theory |
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under scientific anti-realism, how do they feel about theories?
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they should never be regarded as truth
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Define confirmation holism in regards to theories
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a test of one theory ALWAYS DEPENDS ON OTHER THEORIES AND HYPOTHESES
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theories cannot be directly compared because of different vocabularies and different foundational concepts refers to _____
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theory-ladenness
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_____ is a set of (scientific) views that only seek out correlation
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positivism
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a _____ point of view declares that causality is not needed in science
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positivistic
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a positivistic point of view declares what?
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causality is not needed in science
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what does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle state?
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probability is the best we can do
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positivism was founded by _____ in the early 20th century
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The Vienna Circle
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what is the positivists premise?
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statements are senseless if they cannot be falsified
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_____ is a statement of identity
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reduction
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A set of ideas that presents itself as science but does not meet the criteria
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psuedoscience
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the view that positivistic science has authority over all other fields of inquiry
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scientism
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how does humans studying humans meet the criteria of science
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by constructing theories
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