Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
473 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
absolute scotoma
|
an area in which vision is entirely absent
|
|
accommodation
|
the ability of the eye to focus
|
|
accommodative reserve
|
the difference between supply and demand in the crystalline lens
|
|
accounts payable
|
money owed by the office
|
|
accounts receivable
|
money owed to the office
|
|
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
|
a syndrome of the human immune system caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
|
|
add power
|
refers to the multifocal segments of a lens
|
|
alcaine
|
a synthetic topical anesthetic used on the cornea
|
|
algerbrush
|
a device to remove a rust ring from a corneal foreign body
|
|
amblyopia
|
reduced VA with no apparent cause and not correctable by refractive means
|
|
ametropia
|
the refractive condition that exists when accommodation is relaxed; parallel light rays entering the eye do not focus on the eye
|
|
amplitude of accommodation
|
ability of the crystalline lens in the eye to focus
|
|
amsler grid
|
a test to evaluate the integrity of central vision (macula)
|
|
anacel
|
used as a local anesthetic on the cornea
|
|
angle of incidence
|
the angle that is formed by the light ray and the surface of the medium
|
|
angular magnification
|
expressed as a ratio of the angle subtended by the image to that subtended by the object with respect to a viewing point of reference
|
|
aniseikonia
|
a difference in the size of the two retinal images
|
|
anisometropia
|
an unequal refractive status of the two eyes
|
|
ankylosing spondylitis
|
an arthritic disease linked to uveitis
|
|
anomalous trichromat
|
individual uses three colors but in different proportions
3 types: protanomalous deuteranomalous tritanomalous |
|
protanomalous
|
red weakness
|
|
deuteranomalous
|
green weakness
|
|
tritanomalous
|
blue-yellow weakness
|
|
aphakia
|
absence of the crystalline lens
|
|
aqueous humor
|
-clear fluid produced in the ciliary processes
-fills the space from the posterior cornea to the anterior vitreous -maintains IOP -nourishes the cornea, iris, and lens |
|
arcus senilis
|
a ringshaped, grayish-white deposit of phospholipid and cholesterol near the peripheral edge of the cornea
|
|
artificial tears
|
topical eye-drops for use in the eye, formulated to relieve the symptoms of dry eyes
|
|
a-scan
|
instrument that uses sound waves to measure the eyeball length
|
|
astigmatism
|
optical defect in which the light entering the eye doesn't form a single point focus, but forms two focal points
5 types: against-the-rule irregular lenticular oblique with-the-rule |
|
against-the-rule astigmatism
|
steeper in the horizontal meridian
|
|
with-the-rule astigmatism
|
steeper in the vertical meridian (like a football lying on its side)
|
|
irregular astigmatism
|
principal meridians are not 90 degrees apart or when they are not uniformly positioned from point along a meridian
|
|
lenticular astigmatism
|
astigmatism of the crystalline lens
|
|
oblique astigmatism
|
meridians are between 30-60 degrees and 120-150 degrees
|
|
axial length
|
the length of the eyeball from the cornea to the posterior pole
|
|
back vertex power (BVP)
|
the vergence power expressed with reference to the posterior surface of a lens
|
|
basal cell carcinoma
|
common malignancy of the eyelids as a result of excessive exposure to sunight
|
|
base curve
|
reference surface of an ophthalmic lens classified by the manufacturer, maybe on the front or back surface
|
|
base curve radius (BCR)
|
back central region of the contact lens
|
|
basic secretors
|
glands whose rate of production is relatively constant
|
|
benzalkonium chloride (BAK)
|
a preservative used in topical eye drop preparations
|
|
benzyl alcohol
|
preservative used in GP lens solution
|
|
beta blocker
|
a drug whose topical effects lower IOP by decreasing aqueous production and whose systemic effects include slowing of the heart rate
|
|
binocular
|
simultaneous use of both eyes
|
|
binocularity
|
ability to maintain both eyes pointed at precisely the same object (teaming)
|
|
bitoric lenses
|
-a lens having toroidal surfaces on both sides
-used to correct astigmatism and aniseikonia |
|
blending
|
a technique used to render edges of a bifocal almost invisible
|
|
blepharitis
|
inflammation of the lid margin
|
|
blepharoconjunctivitis
|
inflammation of the lid margin and adjacent conjunctiva
|
|
blepharoplasty
|
surgical eyelid procedure to correct for drooping eyelids and puffy bags below the eyes
|
|
blepharoptosis (ptosis)
|
abnormal drooping of an upper eyelid
|
|
blepharospasm
|
uncontrolled blinking in which the eyelids may become so tightly closed they cannot be opened
|
|
blind spot
|
area of the visual field occupied by the optic nerve head, which has no retinal receptors
a.k.a. absolute scotoma |
|
blink rate
|
the amount a person blinks in a given unit of time
|
|
blood pressure
|
the force exerted against the arterial walls during the left ventricular contraction (heart beat) and relaxation (heart at rest)
|
|
Bowman's membrane
|
-second layer of the cornea
-tough membrane |
|
branch retinal artery occlusion
|
only one side of the branches is blocked, resulting in partial loss of the field of vision
|
|
brightness acuity tester (BAT)
|
instrument to test for glare disability
|
|
Bruch's membrane
|
thin layer of connective tissue that is the most internal part of the choroid
|
|
b-scan
|
-instrument that uses sound waves to provide a cross section of the eye tissue
-used to evaluate structures that cannot be viewed directly |
|
bulbar conjunctiva
|
transparent mucous membrane that covers the entire eye EXCEPT the cornea
|
|
buphthalmos
|
enlargement of the eye (seen in children with congenital glaucoma
|
|
campimetry
|
investigation of the integrity of the field of vision
|
|
canal of Schlemm
|
receives aqueous from the trabecular meshwork to be removed from the eye
|
|
canaliculi
|
small tubes located in the lacrimal sac
|
|
canthi
|
point where the upper and lower lids meet
|
|
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
|
topical medication used to decrease aqueous production
|
|
caruncle
|
a pink fleshy mound at the medial canthus that contains sweat and oil glands, and sometimes hair
|
|
cataract
|
an opacity or cloudiness of the crystalline lens capsule
3 types: cortical nuclear subcapsular |
|
cortical cataract
|
appears within the cortex of the lens
|
|
nuclear cataract
|
positioned on the visual axis and may cause monocular diplopia
|
|
subcapsular cataract
|
appears at the posterior pole of the lens, causing glare effects in bright illumination
|
|
cells and flare
|
refers to white blood cells and protein floating in aqueous
|
|
central corneal clouding (CCC)
|
occurs when a contact lens in unable to supply enough oxygen to the central cornea
|
|
central retinal artery
|
main supplier of blood and oxygen to the retina
|
|
central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)
|
blockage of the central retinal artery, which results in loss of oxygen in the retina, permanently destroying retinal cells (total loss of functional vision)
|
|
central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO)
|
generally caused by a thrombus (blood clot), which blocks or slows down the flow of blood, causing rapid reduction of vision
|
|
chalazion (internal hordeolum)
|
hard painless bump that results from a blocked meibomian gland of the eyelid
|
|
chemosis
|
edema of the conjunctiva
|
|
chief complaint
|
patient's reason for the office visit
|
|
chlorhexidine
|
a preservative used in RGP solutions
|
|
choroid
|
network of blood vessels that provide vascular support to the structures around it
|
|
choriocapillaris
|
choroid layer that lies next to the retina and is made up of capillaries
|
|
ciliary body
|
-located immediately behind the iris and just inside the sclera
-major functions are production of aqueous humor and accommodation |
|
ciliary muscle
|
smooth muscle of the ciliary body that is responsible for the change in focus when looking from far to near
|
|
computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan
|
an x-ray technique used to visualize internal structures
|
|
concave lens
|
-a lens that is thinner in the center and thinker at the edges
-parallel light passing through this type of lens is diverged, refracted away from the midlne -a.k.a. minus lens |
|
cones
|
photoreceptors responsible for color discrimination
|
|
confrontation fields
|
a technique used to screen for visual field defects using the fingers of the examiner
|
|
congruous
|
identical defects in the visual field
|
|
conjunctiva
|
a mucous membrane that covers the inside of the eyelids and the outside of the globe
|
|
marginal conjunctiva
|
the part beginning at the gray line and covers the entire surface of the inside of the lids
|
|
orbital conjunctiva
|
the part of the conjunctiva above or below the tarsal plates
|
|
palpebral conjunctiva
|
the marginal, tarsal, and orbital portions which line the inside of the eyelids
|
|
tarsal conjunctiva
|
the part of the conjunctiva lining the inside of the lid and covering the upper and lower tarsal plates
|
|
conjunctivitis
|
inflammation of the conjunctiva
|
|
contrast sensitivity test
|
a test that measures the patient's perception of the difference between the compared stimuli
|
|
convergence
|
simultaneous turning in of both eyes that occurs when viewing an approaching object
|
|
convex lens
|
-a lens that is thicker in the center and thinner at the edges
-parallel light rays passing through this type of lens are refracted by each surface to converge toward the midline behind the lens -a.k.a. plus lens |
|
cornea
|
transparent, front part of the eye that covers the anterior chamber, and is the major refracting surface of the eye
|
|
corneal abrasion
|
a scraping away of part of the surface of the cornea
|
|
corneal neovascularization
|
new vessels growing into the cornea, disturbing the transparency
|
|
corneal sensitivity
|
testing the sensitivity of the cornea to external stimuli
|
|
corneal topography
|
method of analyzing the curves of the cornea
|
|
corneal transplant/Penetrating Keratoplasty (PKP)
|
replacement of a scarred cornea with a donor cornea
|
|
CR-39
|
material used to make standard ophthalmic plastic lenses
|
|
crowding phenomenon
|
the increased difficulty in identifying targets that are closely adjacent to other targets
|
|
crown glass
|
ophthalmic quality of glass used to make lenses
|
|
crystalline lens
|
a structure that changes shape to accommodate from near to far, second most powerful refracting component of the eye
|
|
cycloplegic
|
a parasympatholytic pharmocologic agent that paralyzes the ciliary body, causing loss of accommodation and, by sphincter paralysis, dilation
|
|
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
|
an infection of the retina
|
|
dacrocyctitis
|
an inflammation and/or infection of the lacrimal sac
|
|
dacrocystorhinostomy
|
surgery that creates a bypass channel from the nasolacrimal system into the nose
|
|
decongestants
|
pharmaceuticals that cause vasoconstriction and subsequent nasal relief
|
|
dermatochalasis
|
excessive eyelid skin caused by loss of elastic tissue
|
|
Descemet's membrane
|
fourth layer of the cornea; very thin, maintains integrity of corneal endothelium
|
|
diabetes mellitus
|
metabolic disease in which the body doesn't produce or properly use insulin
|
|
diabetic retinopathy
|
retinal damage occurring to patients with diabetes
|
|
dilator muscle
|
responsible for the opening of the pupil
|
|
diastolic pressure
|
-2nd and lowest number of a blood pressure reading
-reflects the amount of force when the heart is at rest |
|
diopter
|
unit of refractive power (D)
|
|
diplopia
|
double vision
|
|
direct ophthalmoscope
|
used to examine the optic disc and central retina
|
|
disinfection
|
to destroy harmful bacteria and viruses
|
|
divergence
|
ability of both eye to move laterally simultaneously
|
|
ductions
|
monocular eye movements
|
|
dynamic stabilization
|
-alteration of the edge design of a lens
-thin zones are at the top and bottom and covered by the lids, thicker center positions horizontally between the lids |
|
eccentric fixation
|
retinal area fixation other than the fovea
|
|
eccentric lenticulation
|
front surface, off-center lenticular cut in the direction of the prism apex
|
|
ectropion
|
abnormal outward turning of an eyelid
|
|
edema
|
swelling of tissues due to fluid influx
|
|
eikonometer
|
instrument that measures aniseikonia
|
|
electronic magnification
|
a combination of relative size and relative distance magnification accomplished through the use of electronic equipment
|
|
electronic medical record (EMR)
|
records in offices that enter all patient medical information into a computer database
|
|
emergency
|
a sudden, generally unexpected occurrence or set of circumstances demanding immediate attention
|
|
emmetropia
|
the power of the cornea and the lens at rest correspond with the axial so, parallel light rays are appropriately refracted to focus on the retina
|
|
endothelium
|
deepest layer of the cornea, single thickness layer of cells
|
|
entropion
|
abnormal inward turning of an eyelid
|
|
Epi-LASIK
|
uses a slightly different microkeratome which removes only the epithelium, the rest of the procedure is similar to LASEK
|
|
epiphora
|
an excessive amount of tearing (reflex tearing)
|
|
episclera
|
layer of connective tissue lying between the sclera and the bulbar conjunctiva supplying most of the nutrients to the sclera
|
|
episcleritis
|
inflammation of the episclera
|
|
epithelium
|
top layer of the cornea
|
|
-eso
|
in
|
|
ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA)
|
eyedrop preservative
|
|
excimer laser
|
produces high-energy laser light which causes an almost instantaneous vaporization of small amounts of the cornea by direct photochemical disruption of molecular bonds, with minimal impact on neighboring ocular areas
|
|
-exo
|
out
|
|
exophthalmometer
|
instrument used to measure and monitor exophthalmos and lid retraction
|
|
exophthalmos
|
a protrusion or forward bulging of the eye with retraction of the eyelid
|
|
extraocular muscles
|
six muscles which are attached to the globe and coordinate eye movements
|
|
exudates
|
fluid, fat, and protein leaking from faulty blood vessels
|
|
eye teaming
|
ability to maintain both eyes pointed at precisely the same object (binocularity)
|
|
facility
|
the ability to be able to change the focusing system accurately and sustain focusing for long periods of time
|
|
Fairness to Contact Lens Consumers Act (FCLCA)
|
legislation that requires practitioners provide their contact lens patient with a copy of their RX on completion of the fitting process
|
|
femtosecond laser
|
used in creating the flap by placing tiny bursts of energy at a prescribed depth in the stroma during LASIK
|
|
first-degree fusion
|
superimposition
|
|
flashes
|
caused by the physical stimulation of the retina or loose portions of a retinal flap within the vitreous
|
|
flat fusion
|
two similar objects are seen as a single object (second-degree fusion)
|
|
floaters
|
dark or translucent floating specks in the vitreous that cast a shadow on the retina
|
|
fluorescein
|
a dye used topically to evaluate corneal integrity and intravenously to evaluate blood vessels integrity
|
|
fluorescein angiography
|
a specialized technique for observing the retina, in which rapid serial photography records retinal circulation following the intravenous injection of fluorescein
|
|
fluoro-silicone acrylate (F-S/A_
|
material used in second generation GP lenses, with the addition of fluorine
|
|
focal length
|
the distance from the lens to the point where the light rays meet on the midline
|
|
follicles
|
holes in the eyelid skin through which hairs (eyelashes) protrude
|
|
foramens
|
opening which allow arteries, veins, and nerves to enter and leave the orbit
|
|
fornix
|
junction between the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva
|
|
fovea centralis
|
-central 1.5 mm area of the macula
-responsible for the sharpest vision, fine discriminations, and high VA -area of the highest concentration of cone cells and no blood vessels |
|
front surface toric lenses
|
a lens with toricity on the front surface
|
|
fundus
|
interior portion of the eyeball that can be seen on ophthalmoscopy or photography; includes the retina and optic disc
|
|
fundus photography
|
color photos taken of the posterior portion of the patient's eye
|
|
fusion
|
the merging of the images from each eye into a single visual image
|
|
Galilean telescope
|
a refracting telescope that produces an erect, virtual image
|
|
gas permeable (GP)
|
contact lens materials that maximize oxygen permeability and transmission
|
|
glands of Krause
|
accessory glands that produce the watery layer to the tear film in conjunction with the lacrimal gland
|
|
glands of Moll
|
sweat glands located in the lid margin
|
|
glands of Wolfring
|
accessory glands that produce the watery layer to the tear film in conjunction with the lacrimal gland
|
|
glands of Zeis
|
sebaceous glands attached to the follicles of the eyelashes, producing oil that protects the lashes from drying out and becoming brittle
|
|
glare test
|
a test for glare induced by cataract
|
|
glaucoma
|
elevated IOP
6 types: low tension acute angle closure congenital low/normal tension primary open angle secondary |
|
low/normal tension glaucoma
|
IOP within normal range, but either or both the optic nerve and visual field are damaged
|
|
acute angle closure glaucoma
|
anterior chamber angle becomes blocked, stopping aqueous outflow, resulting in a rapid increase in IOP
|
|
congenital glaucoma
|
high IOP in one or both eyes from birth
|
|
primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)
|
steady inflow/outflow of aqueous is no longer maintained, resulting in increased IOP
|
|
secondary glaucoma
|
results from a separated ocular manifestation or injury which decrease outflow of aqueous
|
|
glaucoma surgery
|
procedures performed to reduce IOP
7 types: aqueous shunt cyclocryotherapy iridectomy trabeculotomy selective trabeculoplasty trabeculoplasty iridotomy |
|
aqueous shunt
|
insertion of a tiny plastic tube from the anterior chamber to reservoir that is placed halfway back around the eye for treating glaucoma
|
|
cyclocryotherapy
|
a freezing probe is placed to half the ciliary body, destroying a portion of the fluid making ability of the eye for treating glaucoma
|
|
iridectomy
|
a small piece of the iris is removed, allowing an alternate route for aqueous flow
|
|
trabeculotomy
|
surgical procedure for glaucoma that creates a bypass drain which is located in the sclera under the upper lid
|
|
selective trabeculoplasty (SLT)
|
uses a laser that produces less energy than the one used for trabeculopasty and can be repeated up to 4 time
|
|
trabeculoplasty
|
procedure used for POAG; microscopic burns are made in the trabecular meshwork
|
|
iridotomy
|
laser beam makes a small hole in the iris allowing an alternate route for aqueous flow
|
|
Grave's disease
|
associated with hyperthyroidism
|
|
gray line
|
junction of the skin and conjunctiva which is gray in color
|
|
Haller's layer
|
outermost layer of the choroid, made up of large vessels
|
|
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
|
regulations developed to protect patient's health information
|
|
hemianopsia/hemianopia
|
a defect affecting about half the visual field
|
|
hepatitis B
|
inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus
|
|
herpes zoster ophthalmicus (shingles)
|
caused by the varicella virus; forehead, eyelids, and conjunctiva are involved
|
|
high-index plastic
|
made of polyurethane, and due to its properties, these lenses are the thinnest
|
|
histoplasmosis capulatum
|
fungal infection thought to be responsible for ocular histoplasmosis syndrome
|
|
Hofstetter's formula
|
A=18.5-0.15Y
where A is the average amplitude of accommodation and Y is age |
|
homonymous
|
a defect exists in both eyes and affects the same field in both eyes
|
|
hydrogen peroxide
|
chemical disinfectant used for contact lens disinfection
|
|
hydrophilic
|
related to having a strong attraction to water
|
|
hyper
|
up
|
|
hyperopia
|
a refractive condition in which, when accommodation is relaxed, parallel light rays entering the eye focus behind the retina
a.k.a. farsighted |
|
hyperosmotic
|
a solution with a greater osmotic gradient than surrounding tissues
|
|
hypertension
|
elevated blood pressure
|
|
hyphema
|
pooling of blood in the anterior chamber
|
|
hypo
|
down/under
|
|
ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Codes for Optometry
|
codes used for billing
|
|
index of refraction
|
a number that indicates the speed of light through a medium compared with the speed of light in a vacuum (n)
|
|
inferior
|
one of the four principle anatomic directions; towards the feet
|
|
interpupillary distance (PD)
|
distance between the centers of the pupil of each eye
|
|
intraocular lens implant (IOL)
|
a replacement lens surgically inserted i the same area from which a patient's crystalline lens was removed
|
|
intraocular pressure (IOP)
|
fluid pressure maintained in the eye by the aqueous humor; measure with a tonometer
|
|
intraocular silicone oil
|
tamponade injection of silicone oil into the vitreous to treat retinal detachment
|
|
iridocyclitis
|
occurs during uveitis when the swollen iris adheres to peripheral cornea (anterior synechia)
|
|
iris
|
colored part of the eye
|
|
isopter
|
a contour line in visual fields representing connecting points of retinal sensitivity
|
|
Kaposi's sarcoma
|
malignant growth on the eyelids and conjunctiva
|
|
Keplerian telescope
|
an astronomic telescope
|
|
keratitis
|
inflammation of the cornea
|
|
keratitis sicca
|
corneal inflammation resulting from deficient tear production
|
|
keratoconjunctivitis
|
inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva
|
|
keratoconus
|
degenerative corneal disease characterized by thinning and cone-shaped protrusion of the cornea
|
|
keratometer/ophthalmometer
|
an instrument used to measure the curvature of the central 3.3 mm cornea in each of its two meridians
|
|
keratometry
|
measurement of the corneal curvature; measured with a keratometer
|
|
kinetic perimetry
|
target is in motion during visual field testing
|
|
k-readings
|
measurement obtained from the keratometer used to determine astigmatism and for contact lens fitting
|
|
lacrimal fossa
|
two depressions in the orbit
|
|
lacrimal sac
|
located in the first "lacrimal fossa", located nasally where tear fluid is collected
|
|
lacrimal system
|
responsible for the production, maintenance, and elimination of tear film
|
|
lacrimation
|
tearing of the eye
|
|
lagophthalmos
|
eyelid retraction or downward gaze, ocular symptom of exophthalmos
|
|
LASIK
|
-Laser Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis
-refractive surgery procedure that uses the excimer laswer and a specially designed knife blade called a microkeratome |
|
LASEK
|
-Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis
-removes surface epithelium with a trephine, which is then folded back and the excimer laser is used to remove the corneal tissue; the epithelial flap is placed back over the eye and a temporary bandage contact lens is used to keep the flap in place |
|
lateral
|
one of the four principle anatomical directions, away from the midline
|
|
lateral canthus
|
angle created where the upper and lower lids are joined close to the ear
|
|
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
|
area where synapse occurs between the terminal ends of the ganglion cell axons and the dendrites of the nerve fibers, which carry visual information to the visual cortex
|
|
left optic tract
|
combination of fiber bundles from the two optic nerves continues from the left side of the ciasm (represents the right visual field)
|
|
legal blindness
|
patient with 20/200 or worse in the better eye, or with less than 20 degrees of visual field in the better eye
|
|
lens clock
|
instrument used to measure the surface powers of a lens
|
|
cylindrical lenses
|
power in only one meridian
|
|
spherocylindrical lenses
|
has a different power in each of its principle meridians
|
|
aphakic lenses
|
lenses fitted on a patient who has had a cataract surgery but didn't have an IOL implanted during surgery
|
|
blanace lenses
|
a lens ordered for a monocular patient to balance the eye wear cosmetically
|
|
bifocal lenses
|
a lens that provides both distance and near correction
|
|
fresnel press-on lenses
|
a thin plastic sheet that is placed on the ocular surface of an existing lens; available in prism, plus, and minus powers, and a precut plus power bifocal power
|
|
lenticular lenses
|
a design used on lenses to reduce thickness and weight
|
|
myodisc lenses
|
high minus lenses with a lenticular design
|
|
planocylindrical lenses
|
has no power in one meridian and the meridian 90 degrees away has the most power
|
|
progressive addition lenses
|
have distance power in the upper portion of the lens, with the power progressively changing to the near prescription in the lower portion of the lens
|
|
spherical lenses
|
has the same power in all meridians
|
|
spherocylindrical lenses
|
has spherical components throughout the lens, and is the exclusive power in the axis meridian' the cylindrical power varies in all meridian, with the maximum cylindrical power being 90 degrees from the axis meridian
|
|
trifocal lenses
|
lenses that correct for distance, intermediate, and near vision
|
|
lensometer/lensmeter
|
an instrument used to measure the power of a lens
|
|
leukocytes
|
white blood cells floating in the aqueous
|
|
levator palpebrae superioris
|
eyelid muscle that is responsible for eyelid retraction (opening)
|
|
limbus
|
-the area of the eye dividing the cornea from the sclera
-the junction, marked by a furrow, where the sclera and cornea meet |
|
macula lutea
|
central portion of the retina surrounding the fovea; responsible for acute central vision
|
|
macular degeneration
|
a disease of the eye involving loss of structure and function of the macula; also called age-related (AMD) and senile
2 types: dry wet |
|
dry macular degeneration
|
most common form, develops slowly as the submacular tissue gradually deteriorates
|
|
wet macular degeneration
|
formation of abnormal blood vessels that have a tendency to leak fluid or bleed (more severe)
|
|
macular sparing
|
term given to a visual field where a complete hemianopsia exists, except for the central 2-5 degrees, where it is intact
|
|
magnetic resonance imaging scan
|
a noninvasive diagnostic technique that produces computerized images of the internal structures of the body
|
|
magnification
|
an increase in apparent size of an image or object
|
|
malingering
|
feigning or deliberately giving false test responses, indicating illness or disability for personal gain
|
|
medial
|
one of the four principle anatomical directions; toward the midline - the nose is on the midline
|
|
medial canthus (nasal)
|
angle created where the upper and lower lids are joined near the nose
|
|
meibomian glands (tarsal)
|
glands with openings in the upper and lid margins which produce the oil that floats on the watery layer of the tear film
|
|
melanocytes
|
pigment cells
|
|
metamorphopsia
|
distortion of vision
|
|
microaneurysms
|
retinal blood vessels that have enlargened and developed weak spots
|
|
microkeratome
|
an instrument that cuts a thin flap in the cornea during the LASIK procedure
|
|
microscope
|
a magnifying optical instrument
|
|
minus lens
|
a lens that diverges light
|
|
miotic drugs
|
stimulate the sphincter muscle of the iris, causing constriction of the pupil
|
|
monochromat
|
individual who sees everything in the same color
|
|
monocular
|
use of only one eye
|
|
monovision
|
technique that sets one eye for distance vision (normally the dominant eye) and one eye for near vision
|
|
motor fusion
|
eye movement that occurs to keep eyes aligned on the target
|
|
Mueller's muscle
|
one of the muscle's involved in the retraction of the eyelid
|
|
multifocals
|
lenses designed to meet visual rquirements for different circumstances
|
|
Myasthenia Gravis
|
a systemic acquired autoimmune disorder resulting in abnormal fatigue and exhaustion of striated muscles
|
|
mydriatic drugs
|
stimulate the dilator muscle to make the pupil larger
|
|
myopia
|
a refractive condition in which, when accommodation is relaxed, parallel light rays entering the eye focus in front of the retina; also called nearsighted
|
|
nasolacrimal duct
|
larger tube leading to the nasal cavity
|
|
neurologist
|
a physician who specializes i the study of the nerves
|
|
non-pigmented epithelium
|
central layer of the iris
|
|
non-proliferative (background)
|
subtle changes found in a diabetic eye
|
|
occlusion amblyopia
|
reduced, uncorrectable VA caused by inadequate sensory information as a result of congenital ptosis
|
|
ocular adnexa
|
structures surrounding the eye
|
|
ocular toxoplasmosis
|
protozoan causing inflammation of the retina and choroid resulting in a dense pigmented-surrounded scar when healed
|
|
oculoplasty surgery
|
involves the treatment of eye disorders
|
|
ophthalmoscope - indirect
|
an instrument uses to take stereoscopic views of the fundus
|
|
ophthetic/ophthaine
|
a synthetic topical anesthetic used on the cornea
|
|
ophthalmoscopy
|
examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope
|
|
optic chiasm
|
formed by the fusion of the optic nerves near the pituitary gland; at this point the nasal retinal fibers cross to join the temporal fibers of the other eye
|
|
optic radiations
|
axons of the cells in the LGN that continue to the visual cortex
|
|
optical cross
|
a diagram that denotes the dioptic power in the two principle meridians of a lens
|
|
optical infinity
|
the distance where light rays become parallel - 20 ft or 6 m
|
|
optical zone diameter (OAZ)
|
central area of the contact lens that corrects the patient's vision
|
|
ora serrata
|
marks the end of the choroid; one of the areas where the retina is attached to the choroid
|
|
orbicularis oculi
|
eyelid muscle that is responsible for eyelid closure
|
|
orbit
|
the bony socket that contains the eye and most of its accessory muscles, glands, nerves, and blood vessels
|
|
ortho
|
referring to the eyes being in perfect, or straight ahead, alignment
|
|
orthokeratology
|
a treatment for myopia that uses a series of progressively flatter contact lenses to flatten the cornea
|
|
orthoptics
|
another term used for vision therapy
|
|
over-refraction
|
refraction of a patient wearing a contact lens
|
|
oxygen permeability (Dk)
|
the ability for oxygen to penetrate a contact lens
|
|
pachymeter
|
instrument that determines the thickness of the cornea
|
|
pachymetry
|
measuring the thickness of the cornea
|
|
palpebrae (eyelids)
|
reinforced folds of skin that protect the eyes and orbits
|
|
palpebral aperture/fissure
|
the space between the eyelid margins
|
|
palpebral conjunctiva
|
lines the inner lids, meeting the bulbar conjunctiva at the fornix
|
|
pan-retinal photocoagulation
|
laser burns in the peripheral retina to reduce swelling and risk of bleeding
|
|
pantoscopic tilt
|
the angle that the frame front makes with the temples when viewed from the side
|
|
papilla
|
a small, nipple-shaped elevation
|
|
periballasting
|
limiting the prism ballast to the contact lens periphery only; it's excluded from the optical zone
|
|
perimetry
|
the study of the visual fields
|
|
peripheral bevel
|
the width of the outside or peripheral curve of a contact lens
|
|
peripheral vision
|
the visual fields representing side vision
|
|
permeability
|
the ability of the contact lens material to allow oxygen to pass through it, commonly referred to as 'Dk'
|
|
phacoemulsification
|
uses an ultrasonic instrument to break up the cataract into tiny fragments that can be suctioned out of the capsular bag
|
|
phoria
|
tendency of an eye or eyes to deviate from the ortho
|
|
phoropter
|
trademark of one specific manufacturer or refractors
|
|
photophobia
|
symptom causing pain on viewing a light; light sensitive
|
|
photopic
|
pertaining to daylight vision
|
|
photopigments
|
chemicals used to collect the light energy in the photoreceptors
|
|
photoreceptors
|
retinal elements that convert light to electrical impulses
|
|
photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)
|
an excimer laser is used to reshape the cornea
|
|
physiologic blind spot
|
the area of scotoma associated with the optic nerve head
|
|
pigmented epithelium
|
deepest layer of the iris
|
|
pilocarpine
|
most commonly used miotic drug
|
|
pinguecula
|
a yellowish-white, slightly raised mass found in the nasal and temporal conjunctiva, resulting from excessive sun exposure
|
|
plica semiluminaris
|
a crescent-shaped conjunctival fold at the medial canthus, lateral to the caruncle
|
|
plus lens
|
a lens that converges light
|
|
pneumatic retinopexy
|
intraocular injection of an inert gas into the vitreous used to treat retinal detachment
|
|
polyaminopropyl biguanide (PAPB)
|
preservative used in GP lens solution
|
|
polycarbonate
|
a form of plastic which is highly impact-resistant, used to make ophthalmic lenses
|
|
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
|
a clear plastic material used for RGP; first material used after glass
|
|
polyquad
|
preservative used in GP lens solutions
|
|
pontocaine
|
used as a local anesthetic on the cornea
|
|
posterior capsule opacity (secondary cataract)
|
haze of opacity that develops in the membrane (posterior capsule), behind the intraocular lens implant
|
|
posterior vitreous detachment (PVD)
|
the detachment of the vitreous from its attachment on the retina and producing symptoms of a floater (normally age-related)
|
|
potential acuity meter (PAM)
|
used to determine the patient's potential visual acuity after cataract surgery
|
|
presbyopia
|
the condition in which lost elasticity of the lens leads to the inability to accommodate
|
|
pressure patch
|
placement of a patch over the eye in some cases of corneal abrasion
|
|
presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS)
|
an infection that causes decreased or distorted central vision, frequently diagnosed in patients with an exposure to pigeons or chickens
|
|
principle meridians
|
meridians with the greatest and least power and are 90 degrees apart
|
|
prism
|
a lens that bends light
|
|
prism ballast
|
incorporation of prism into a lens to maintain rotational stability
|
|
proliferative retinopathy
|
appearance of new, abnormal blood vessels that grow (proliferate) over the retina and optic nerve
|
|
proparacaine hydrochloride
|
generic name for ophthaine, alcaine, and ophthetic
|
|
prostaglandin analogs
|
topical medication used to increase aqueous outflow
|
|
pseudoaphakia
|
term used for the aphakic correction after a lens implant
|
|
pterygium
|
a raised, whitish, triangle-shaped wedge of fibrovascular tissue, which can extend across the cornea
|
|
puncta
|
small holes in the upper and lower lid margin (tear drain) near the nasal canthus
|
|
pupillary frill
|
part of the pigmented epithelium that extends around the edge of the pupil
|
|
pursuits
|
eye movements as the follow a moving target: smooth eye movements
|
|
quadrantanopsia/quadrantanopia
|
a defect affecting about a quarter of the visual field
|
|
Radial Keratotomy (RK)
|
refractive error corrected by surgically creating a series of cuts into the cornea to flatten the center
|
|
radiuscope
|
an instrument that measures the curvature of a contact lens
|
|
recession
|
eye muscle is cut from its original attachment and is reattached further back on the eye
|
|
reflex blinking
|
rapid forceful closure of the eyelids to protect the eyes
|
|
refraction
|
altering of the pathway of light as it passes from one medium to another
|
|
refractor
|
instrument used to determine subjective refraction
|
|
relative distance magnification
|
an apparent change in an object size based on moving the object close to the observer
|
|
relative size magnification
|
physically enlarging an object when seen at the same viewing distance
|
|
residual astigmatism
|
difference between corneal toricity and refractive astigmatism
|
|
reticle
|
a hand-held magnifier used to verify the overall contact lens diameter
|
|
retina
|
the light sensitive tissue lining the back of the eye, containing sensory receptors (rods & cones)
|
|
pneumatic retinopathy
|
retinal repair with either a laser or cryotherapy and then placement of a gas bubble inside the vitreous cavity
|
|
scleral buckle
|
silicone band sutured onto the sclera to apply pressure over the retina to treat for a detachment
|
|
retinal detachment/tear
|
occurs when the sensory retinal tissue separates from the underlying pigment epithelium
|
|
retinal hole
|
a hole which allows fluid from the vitreous to pass into the subretinal area
|
|
retinitis pigmentosa
|
bilateral, hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina, mainly the rods, leaving the patient with "tunnel vision"
|
|
retinoscope
|
an instrument used to perform an objective refraction
|
|
retinoscopy
|
determining the refractive state of an eye objectively
|
|
right optic tract
|
combination of fiber bundles from the two optic nerves continues from the right side of the ciasm (represents the left visual field)
|
|
rods
|
photoreceptors whose function is based on the presence or absence of light energy (used for peripheral and night vision)
|
|
saccades
|
eye movements when looking from one target to another; jumping, two-eyed movements
|
|
Sattler's layer
|
next distinct layer of the choroid, made up of vessels that are considered to be medium-sized
|
|
Schirmer test
|
filter paper strips used to evaluate tear quantity
|
|
sclera
|
the "white" part of the eye; covers the posterior 5/6 of the fibrous tunic
|
|
scleritis
|
inflammation of the sclera
|
|
scotoma
|
area of absent vision or an area of depressed sensitivity in the visual field
|
|
second-degree fusion
|
-flat fusion
-two similar objects are seen as one object |
|
seconds of arc
|
measurement units for recording stereopsis results
|
|
senile ptosis
|
age related drooping of an eyelid
|
|
sensory fusion
|
process by which a single image is perceived from two separate ocular images
|
|
sickle cell disease
|
systemic inherited blood disorder that affects the red blood cells
|
|
sickle cell retinopathy
|
neovascularization in the eye as a result of sickle cell disease
|
|
silicone/acrylate (S/A)
|
material used in the first successful GP lenses
|
|
sinuses
|
air spaces within bones in the head
|
|
slit-lamp (biomicroscope)
|
a microscope with specialized light source used to examine the eye
|
|
slit-lamp examination
|
examination of the eye performed using a biomicroscope
|
|
soft contact lenses
|
flexible lenses made from materials that absorb and bind water into its molecular structure
|
|
soft perm
|
styrene-based materials used for GP lenses
|
|
sphincter muscle
|
responsible for the closing of the pupil
|
|
sphygomanometer
|
-blood pressure cuff
-a cuff with two tubes attached to the bladder: one attache to the manometer, which registers the pressure, and the other is attached to a bulb used to inflate the bladder |
|
spud
|
instrument used to peel the foreign body from the cornea
|
|
squamous cell carcinoma
|
second most common malignant eye tumor, as a result of excessive exposure to sunlight
|
|
static perimetry
|
target stationary and is presented in lighter or darker increments during visual field testing
|
|
stereo vision
|
use of two eyes in looking at an object to gain stereopsis
|
|
stereopsis
|
ability to see or appreciate depth using both eyes; highest degree of depth perception (third-degree fusion)
|
|
sterilization
|
to free objects from living micro-organisms by subjecting the objects to intense heat or chemical action
|
|
steroid
|
a drug used to reduce inflammation
|
|
stethoscope
|
instrument that carries sounds of the body to the examiner's ear
|
|
strabismus
|
ocular misalignment due to an imbalance of the extraocular muscles
|
|
stroma
|
third layer of the cornea; 90% of the cornea
|
|
stye (external hordeolum)
|
an infection located in an eyelash follicle
|
|
subconjunctival hemorrhage
|
spontaneous bleeding from a blood vessel under the conjunctiva and the episclera
|
|
subcutaneous areola layer
|
eyelid layer directly below the upper layer
|
|
submuscular areola layer
|
eyelid layer that contains most of the major nervous and circulatory supplies to the lids
|
|
superimposition
|
overlapping of two dissimilar onjects (first-degree fusion)
|
|
superior
|
one of the four principle anatomical directions; toward the head
|
|
sutures
|
lines where orbital bones are fused together
|
|
sympathomimetric agents
|
topical glaucoma medication used to increase aqueous flow
|
|
synapse
|
small gap between the axon of one cell and the dendrite of the next cell
|
|
synechia (anterior)
|
occurs during uveitis, when the swollen iris adheres to peripheral cornea (iridocyclitis)
|
|
synechia (posterior)
|
occurs during uveitis when the swollen iris adheres to the lens capsule
|
|
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
|
systemic chronic inflammatory disease that affects various parts of the body
|
|
systolic pressure
|
the first and largest number of a blood pressure reading; reflects the amount of force on artery walls when the heart beats
|
|
tarsal plate
|
responsible for the shape and rigidity of the eyelids (both upper and lower)
|
|
tear break-up time
|
the amount of time it takes for the tear film on the cornea to break up
|
|
tetracaine hydrochloride
|
chemical compound closely related to procaine, used as a local anesthetic (generic name for pontocaine and anacel)
|
|
thimerosal
|
a mercury-based preservative used in contact lens solution
|
|
third-degree fusion
|
stereopsis
|
|
thrombus
|
blood clot
|
|
tonometer
|
instrument used to measure IOP
4 types: Goldmann (applanation) tono-Pen noncontact indentation (Schoitz) |
|
Goldmann (applanation) tonometer
|
attached to a slit lamp and measures the IOP by flattening a small portin of the cornea
|
|
Tono-Pen tonometer
|
an applanation tonometer that is portable and hand-held
|
|
noncontact tonometer
|
tonometer uses a puff of air to flatten the cornea, requires no corneal anesthetic
|
|
indentation (Schoitz) tonometer
|
measures the IOP by indenting a small portion of the cornea
|
|
tonometry
|
measurment of IOP
|
|
toric base curve lens
|
back surface toric lens has two different curves on the back and front spherical curve
|
|
toric peripheral curve lens
|
has one primary spherical back curve with two different peripheral curves on the back (optical zone is elliptical)
|
|
trabecular meshwork
|
drain for the intraocular fluid
|
|
transposition
|
changing a prescription written in plus cyl to minus cyl
|
|
trephine
|
a fine blade that is used to remove the surface epithelium
|
|
trichromatism
|
normal color vision
|
|
tri-curve design
|
a noncontact lens that has two peripheral curves
|
|
trifocal
|
a lens that provides correction for distance, intermediate, and near
|
|
Trivex
|
a newer plastic lens which is the lightest weight material and is highly impact-resistant; is also has the same optical properties as crown glass, and CR-39 materials
|
|
trochlea
|
small bony loop at the front of the orbit
|
|
tropia
|
constant or actual deviation of an eye
|
|
truncation
|
portion of contact lens is removed producing different diameters in the horizontal and vertical meridians
|
|
tunics
|
three concentric spheres that make up the globe: fibrous, nervous, and vascular
|
|
fibrous tunic
|
outermost layer, comprised of the cornea and the sclera
|
|
nervous tunic
|
innermost layer, which consists of the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
|
|
vascular tunic
|
also called the "uvea", is the middle layer of the globe and consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid
|
|
uveal tract
|
contains the pigmented, vascular layers of the eye (i.e. anterior iris, ciliary body, and posterior choroid)
|
|
uveitis
|
inflammation of the uveal tract
4 types: heterochromic lens-induced posterior anterior |
|
heterochromic uveitis
|
a unilateral low-grade infection of the iris and ciliary body, in which affected iris appears lighter
|
|
lens-induced uveitis
|
occurs after the lens capsule has been torn
|
|
posterior uveitis
|
inflammation of the choroid
|
|
anterior uveitis
|
inflammation of the iris and ciliary body
|
|
vergence
|
movements of the two eyes in opposite directions
|
|
versions
|
binocular eye movements in the same direction
|
|
vertex distance
|
measurement from the corneal surface of the eye to the eyeglasses correction
|
|
vision therapy/vision training
|
process during which patients are given practice and feedback that teaches them to develop or enhance their visual skills
|
|
visual abilities
|
skills that give us the power of means to locate, identify, and remember what we see
|
|
visual acuity
|
ability of the eye to resolve detail
|
|
visual efficiency
|
includes accommodation, binocular vision, and ocular motor skills
|
|
visual field
|
extent of space visible to an eye in a given position
|
|
visual processing
|
includes directionality, visual spatial skills, visual analysis skills, and visual motor integration
|
|
vitrectomy
|
surgical procedure that removes and replaces cloudy vitreous
|
|
vitreous humor
|
transparent, thick, jelly-like substance that fills the posterior 2/3 of the eye, between the lens and the retina
|
|
xanthelasma
|
small, yellowish fatty deposits that occur on the eyelids, usually on the medial side
|
|
YAG Laser capsulotomy
|
a procedure used to remove the capsular opacity after cataract surgery
|