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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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nigeria has the worlds largest
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black population
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whats makes nigeria special
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petroleum, substantial standing military force, 104 universities(contains a large proportion of Africas centers of learning and research)
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what are reasons there is skeptisism about democracy in nigeria
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declining quality of election, persistent inequalities, and failures of government performance
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history of north nigeria
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people of north nigeria, hausa, begin forming cities and came under the influence of islam. they were then joined by western fulani who helped overhtow hausa kings. they dominated northern nigeria until the british came in 1903. the two combined to create hausa-fulani culture
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southern history of nigeria
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Yoruba . had intricate ways of limiting rulers powers . very democratic and favored ability over age for leadership . were great slave traders for the british/americas
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british in the north
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indirect rule. colonies support rule of traditional leaders . prohibited christian missionaries
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british in the south
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the south did not have traditional rulers. britian tried to create village cheifs which was disaterious because the local people did not understand the concept
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in order to make nigerian colonies self-sustaining they needed
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export economys
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export economies eroded
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the foundation of traditional rule.
traditional leaders of the north had no right to collect taxes but colonial systems mad it the central duty transportation and communication increased and peopled moved |
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urbanzied populations in nigeria could not
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be expected to show deference to traditional leaders nor did they see any good reason for paying taxes
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missionaries and education were only permitted
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in the south. so southerners learned english and aquired tools to challenge colonial rule.
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because of all the differences in nigeria it was divided into
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3 sections
1. north, ruled by hausa-fulani 2.igo -east 3.west-yoruba |
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whats the story of nigerian independence from 1960-1966
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becomes one single independ entity, honeymoon stage for 2 years
conflict tears apart west, over election fraud and violence millitary coop in 1966 |
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colonial adminsitrations were under heavy pressure to be......
what was a result? |
self-sufficeint, to develop local sources of revenue to cover their costs of administration
as a result administrators pressured peasent farmers away from subsistence agriculture and into commercial farming of export crops |
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the combination of population growth and commercilization of agriculture strained
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the ecology that had been in place for centries. britian wanted import western agriculture techniques, but nigeria has a different enviornment so these did not work
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nigeria exsistsed only through
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the exploitation of her farmers
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what enhanced the lure of nigierian cities
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government keep agriculture prices low because they wanted cheap food for urban cities. makes agriculture work unattractive
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why are there so many kids in nigeria
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valuable resource in labro-intesive agriculture
high infant mortality and no social security, parents need to invest in kids for their old age |
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nigeria is urbanizing
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quickly
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abuja, the federal capitals, problem
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only built for 1.5 million to live but 4 million live there. to help the problem government is knowcking down some informal housing to discourage additional migration
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Largos
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largest city. run by opposition govornor . increased taxe enforecement to increase foreign investment and investing in infastructre
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a population shift to urban areas means
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smaller labor force for agriculture = a drop in food production , living areas condensed
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why was petroleum bad for nigeria
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led to high disparity between petroleum workers and traditional agricultural workers. when the oil price dropped nigeria. many young men moved away from agriculture and moved to cities and oil feild enetered a depression and had to enstate auterity measures. oil prices rised because of iraq war and are 90% of export earnings in nigeria
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Biafra
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eastern region wants to break away and keep the oil money for itself. federal government objects. Biafra does not think its fair it must share the wealth but have to deal with underdevelopment and enviornmental degredation alone. today, it has led to oil theft, bunkering, and blood oil (used to finance rebllion ) which has cost the government billions
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Nigeria during cold war
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soviets support nigeria and america remain neutral (americans supported Biafra). Nigeria wants americas help to help market, extract, and sell oil. so america sides with nigeria.
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Nigerias regional context
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surrounded by former french colonies which mistrust it. however, remains a regional leader.
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3 identifiers of ethnic identity
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observng dilect
manner of dress and tribal marks |
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igbo
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developed for market agriculture , palm products, rice, and yams
they are thankful for missionarys which brought education dont care about mainting seperate groups and people seek after them for their education and modern skills igbo officers led 1st millitary coop on 1966 and also led Biafa war. they are mistrusted by other nigerians |
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hausa-fulani today
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north. susistence farming and live in rural areas . muslim sizable hausa communities all over nigeria.
emirs (result of indirect rule) still maintain, disputed ,power in their localities |
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yoruba
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southwestern part of nigeria . yourba weredivided into a number of independent warring kingdoms that give them seperate identities both men and women are prominent in trade networks and markets throughout west africa . the oba, similar to emirs, have no power today. yoruba seen as a society between igbo innovative and egoltarian hausa. nigerians generally mistrust them and shut them out of poltics
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Ibrahim Babangida wanted nigeria to join
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the Organization of the islamic conference but chrisitan nigerians protested
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what are 3 ways Nigerian nationalism was created?
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1. a small number of freed slaves, settles in west africa and developed a culture unrelated to any of those indigenous to the country
2. nationalist fervor grew out of the experience of nigerians who fought for the british in ww2 and felt a lack of regonition 3.nigerians who stuided in england/usa who in their quest for independece developed a sense of nationalism and created cross-ethnic allainces |
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civil war stimulated
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nationalism between to sectors of nigeria. which is still alive today.
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nigerians oriented towards public poltical activites can be identified by
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1. exposure to formal education
2. involvement in the modern economy |
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nigeria has clientelist arrangement
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citizens go to an indivudal who is politcally influential for help and expect to pay for help through a long-term arrangement that may include payment in kind(bribes) or by turning out to vote when asked /
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nigerians are generally uninterested in
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poltics
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Nnamdi azikiwe
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went to usa for college. stated a pro-self-rule newspaper. became premier of eastern region and then president .
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whats working against nigeria developing a democracy
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as single parties gained control in region, opponents were treated very roughly, with armed thugs hired to disrupt their meetings and attack their leaders. harrasement of poltical opposition by the government and incumbents oftne use their positions to gain unfair advantages
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poltical role of women
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southern women have control over their own affairs through dual-sex systems
but in the north, from sialm, they have been restricted but are still very invovled and vote. women do not have a lot of seats in congress |
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Sani abacha
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and his family channeled enormous sums of money from pertoleum reveune accounts into their private accounts
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obasanjo adminsitration
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recovered 2 billion from sanuabacha damily . and eliminated those who corrupt the system
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economic and finacial crimes comission
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prevent, investigate, prosecute, and penalize economic and finacial crimes
people believe it only prosecutes the presidents poltical enemies. i.e. vice president when he wanted to run for president |
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nigerians develop their poltical beliefs
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through the influence of socilizaion "agents"such as the family, relgious organizatins, primary and secondary groups, formal education and the media and government-sponsered activites.
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nigeria, people have grown up under
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poltical arrangements that shift constantly
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what is the role of family in nigeria
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core unit of poltical activity. families are identified with a particular trade or role in society
polgymy kinship provides the most powerful sense of identity and loyalty , creating clientist relationships |
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what is the role of schools in nigeria
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central role in developing a sense of community.
education system highly valued as a means to economic and social advancement |
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why is unviersal education hard to achieve in nigeria
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(socioeconomic issue, elite occupy a disproportiante amount of enrollemnts
gender issue, girls arent pushed to enroll. |
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what disparity in education esists between north and south
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the south is more educated and tried to get jobs in the north. the north rejected them which embittered the south. the north domiantes polticis which irritates the educated south.
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boko haram
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education is a sin, tried to clense the north of western education and impose muslim law
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english and nigeria
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english is the main language of nigeria. used in government and mass media and schools. however, it is the 2nd language in many homes . therefore, schools play a critical part in enabling access to the poltical system, creating a big social gap
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the 1999 consitution of nigeria reveresed many limitations on
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the mass media from the authroitarian regumer, however, jouranlists still face criminal punishment for defamation of public officals and must be approved by a government-run media council.
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nigerian poltical attitudes are far more likely to be affected by
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everyday contact with the state than by the states direct intentional effort to shape attitudes.
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there is a big education difference between rural residents and
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officals (which are educated) however, officals come from the area they rule so there is no social or cultural difference.
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nigerians express great cynisisim about
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the motivations of policymakers at all levels, citizen or military, resulting from media accounts of venality and corruption.
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do nigerians still believe in polticis?
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yes, especially amoungst the educated.
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why dont more people get invovled in politics in nigeria
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there is a big stake to be in the government because of the flow f money from the oil companies. however, the educated are offset about joining the government because of the uncertainty of the outcome of any attempt to become involved. so they leave government to seasoned polticians, who have assembled a voter base
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why do the northerners rule polticis in nigeria
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norths popularion is equal to east and west combined
office corps dominated by northerners |
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how did the military come into power
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in a effort to speed the replacement of remaiing british officers, the balewa government actively recruited university graduates into officer ranks. this caused polticiazation of the army . made it the most regular path to poltical power
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first round of military rule in nigeria
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had 3 leaders who all had no intention of staying long term for poltical careers . but non of their genuity could be tested because there was constantly a coop
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why were people happy moshood abiola did not win the election
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he would have been unable to deal effectively with the countries problems, would have lost an already dubious legitimacy, and would thus have prepared the way for a return of the millitary with acceptance by the population
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what did the abacha regime represent (won election)
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supported by north who could not stomach a yoruba president.
reflected a new generation of miliatry officers to enjoy the fruits of power from the oil revenues and potential profits that flow from the corruption of public office many positions, from local to state governments, filled by military men |
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nigeria is still often a game of money causing
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retired millitary, buissnes gorup, and some retired civil servants to dominate poltical elections
while a few academics have poltical appointments, i.e. foreign services, minister |
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todya, there are more professional routes in nigeria to
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gain professional advancements
education is extremly important now in civil service |
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nigeria uses federal character to
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fill government positions.
"strangers" are not welcomed in other local governments government positions filled with reguard to idenity, |
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federal character reduces fear of
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poltical exclusion by attempting to ensure that government is an ethnic microsm of the locality or state it controls
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in the past, appointments of military personal to government positions in nigeria shows
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its federal character
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how do ethnic polticis effect nigeria
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nigeria is made into 6 division for the purpose of appointments and distribution of infastructure. but in order to fill these 6 appointments, the government sometimes picks less qualified indivuals over more qualified indivuals to fill the 6 different area appointments. depriving nigeria of experienced office holders
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how do we get to the 1999 constitution
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first babangida tried to prolong electio and eventually invalidates them aftem abiola wins
abacha takes power and imprisons abiola. everybody dies of a heart attack. after this from 1983-1999 miliatyr regimes constantly planned a return for democracy and published the 1999 consitution |
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why is the federal concept called into question in nigeria
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all governments derive a large portion of their revenues from national oil
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nigeria poltical activist in the south are convinced that
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northerners are bent on controling central government and have argued for greater state and regional autonomy
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nigeria state-level poltics has often been dominated by
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local ethnic rivalries.
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why have the number of states expanded in nigeria
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boundry disputes and decide on the competence of various traditional institutions . local government areas within the stats has progressively increased too, with different ethnic or subethnic groups vying for representation
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consociational model in nigeria
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giving equal proportions of federal positions
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the nigerian consitution has specified a uniform structure for
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local governments. helps formula-driven-allocation of funds . 20% of federal revnues are divded amoungst local governments
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public sector and nigeria
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it has grown a lot since independence. a growth of public sector is a indicator of government growth
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in nigeria, since 1999, compeition amoungst states fir the distribution of federal revenues is acute in 2 arenas
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disagreement about the amount of money that should be returned to oil producing areas known as derivation formula.
2. states entitlemnt to offshore oil revenues and the federal govenrments right to exempt cetrian expenses from funds distributed under the derivation formula |
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what is nigerias system of government modeled after
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usa
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the executive branch of nigeria introduces the
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federal budget and other major pieces of legislation. however, there is debate over weather the national assembly can or should modify these bills.
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in nigeria The judiciary system contains
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a supreme court, a court of appeals and a state and federal high courts with orginal and appellate jurisdiction
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what is a major debate in the judiciary system in nigeria
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shari's (muslim koranic law) courts
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how did the abacha regime react to the judiciary sysetm
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they ignored the court by changing the rules and establishing special military tribunals, even for common crimes such as robbery
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what are two poltical influences in nigeria?
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1. the effect of organized interest groups such as unions and trade associations and religious bodies
2. clinetelism |
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many of the first formal associations in nigeria had an
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ethnic base
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an example of abachas government undermining the courts (ken saro-wiwa)
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saro-wiwa began the movement for survival of the ogoni people which spoke for 500,000 ogani people whose land had been borne the brunt of inconvience of nigerias oil industry and recieved little in return. Ken saro-wiwa was convicted and hung for the murder associated with exciting the youth. shows world how bad human rights were in nigeria
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whats the difference between religious institutions and ethnic groups
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religious insitutions remain organized around denominational objecys . neither christians nor muslims find it necessary to camouflage their identities. while ethnic groups might have to play a less obvious role
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what forms do religious groups take?
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1. formal insitutions (chruches, koranic schools)
2.leadership roles (bishop, pastors, mallams(muslim advisors)) 3. voluntary denominational assocations |
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the effectiveness of articulating intrests to the nigerian government have been reduced because
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intergroup conflict, most frequently between christians and muslims, which put the government in the role of mediator
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assosiotional life is most active in nigeria in the
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south
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the north in nigeria has a lot of (what type of associations)
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clinetilism and islamic mystic brotherhood
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labor organization in nigeria is organized by
and ex |
sector
groups representing petroleum workers can have an immediate impact on the national economy and consequently have the potential for great political impact |
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professional organizations in nigeria are
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nigerian bar assocation, nigerian medical assocation, and politicized as issues concern them directly. millitary governments periodically force the dissolution of such groups and arrest their leaders
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how do universities effect poltics in nigeria
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faculties and students were some of the earliest critics of military regimes.
military governments have tried to margenlize their role. stikes are common and it is not unusal for undergrad to take 6-7 years |
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what role did polticans who were turned out by the military play in nigeria
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they pushed for civilan rule and to be allowed back into circles of power
however, many of them would have been contempt with being co-opted into adminstrative services under the military |
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transition monitoring group, nigeria
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helped reform electoral system after abacha died. watchdog against electoral fraud
trained 20,000 election monitors |
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kaduna mafia
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a clear example of nonassociational interest groups . stong northern leaders.
northern inteligentsia who assumed positionsof poltical and social influence during the decade of military rule after the civil war. were not influential during abach years, but now have one of their own as president in 2007. |
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since most of nigerias labor force is involved in argiculture
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one expects to find stong associational activity among farmers . however, ethnic divisions have prevented the formation of any national-level farm organizations. most interest articulation is spontaneous and unorganize, or take the form of clientelism
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how is the military a intrest group
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there are many competing factions within the military.
the enlisted personal and lower rankign officers dont get any benefits, and many support a return to civilan rule the countrys ethnic divisons are seen. most officers are from the north and the constant possability that new faction will emerge to challenge current leadership, to forstall or delay the return to civilan control |
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what makes the "restructing" of nigerian administration difficult when regimes are under pressure to develop an "austerity" budget
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patron-client networks. they are extremly strong in nigeria , especially the north. how can you say no to your loyal followers?
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why are the such impressive levels of voter turnout?
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patron-client systems, personalistic ties with poltical activists .
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violence has play a major role in nigerian
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polticis.
most violence take stje form of reprisal attacks by security attacks after one of their own is killed |
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nigerias early political parties were influenced by the
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divisive effects of colonialism, which strengthened regional attachments, as well as nationalist opposition to British rule
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how did the major poltical parties in nigeria come to be
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the NCNC first developed as a diverse national movement. it then broke up along national lines and the AG emerged as a opposition party .
the major northern parties never tried to obtain poltical support outside of their regio |
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abachas party system
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created 5 parties which were not allowed to critize the president and all supported abacha
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how is the party system in nigeria
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parties must demonstarte a nationwide organization.
9 parties were qualified to compete. the 3 parties that receive the highest number of votes in the local governments were allowed to compete in state and national elections. two parties joined together leading to only candidates for president |
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what was the controversey with obasanjos thrid election
what happened with election after this election (who won, what were the controversies) |
wanted to change the consitution so he could serve 3 terms but government would let him also his vice president wanted to run for president creating problems in their PDP party . Yar'adua wins however people suspect fraud. Yar'adua dissappears from illness and died. he is replaced by his vice president jonathan
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what were 4 problems of nigerias 3rd attempt for democracy in 1999
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corruption driven by substantial new oil revenues
a bureaucracy in need of retraining ongoing ethnic and religious conflicts serious economic inequalities |
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structural adjustment program in 3rd world countries
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causes critical constraints
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whats bad about there not being any taxes/low taxes
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when authrotiarian regimes take over, and take the wealth from the oil, there is little wrath from the tax payers
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although nigeria did not need a lot of foreign aid because of its oil revenue
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it did aquire a lot of debt giving the international community a lot of say in its public spending. however, most of the debt was paid off by 2006
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as a prdocuer of high-grade petroleum, nigeria has an unusally great potential to move out of the ranks of less developed into
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the middle-income nations
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how does the UN development program publish the human development index
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life expentency at birth
adult iteracy and per capita GDP |
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because nigerias per capita GDP ranking is much higher than its HDI
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it shows nigerian advantage in oil revenue has had little noticeable impact on the overall quality of life
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budgetary priorities are important in analyzing
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distributive importence
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in the case of a country ruled by the military, one might expect that military expenditures would
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be large. in nigeria the military budget increased from 234 million to1.5 billion
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since nigeria is a military regime , firm civilan control of the military remains central to
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the stabilizing of the countrys new democracy
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in a continental context, nigeria army has remained
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one of the most professionsal. nigerian leaders have used this military strength to maintain a high profile in west africa
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where has nigeria made great strides hint: many nigerians have great enthusiasim for it
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education
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where has nigeria made mediocre strides but greathly increased its spending
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healthcare
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why is wealth heavily influenced by policy decsion in nigeria
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petroelum is established as a major source of foreign exchange , with that industry under government control.
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how is income distribution effected in nigeria
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inflation ... causd by rapid increase in money supply after oil boom in 1970's. in order to balance budgets when oil boom stopped they printed money.
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naira
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nigerians national currency
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what did enforcing a offical exchange rate for the naira do
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huge divergence in offcial and market exchange rates causing chaos in the financial system. dried up investments and stimulated corruption, since anyone with access to foreign exchange at the offical rate can then sell the foreign currency "on the street" for a large profit. since 1999 the government has let the narnia be determined by the market, no longer controlled.
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nigerians reffer to the national budget as the
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national cake , state and local governments are major recipients of slices
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given the set formulas of RAS (revenue allocation service)
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it is not surprising that regions and localities strive for statehood and local autonomy and that population counts loom large as a political issue
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what is the biggest protested austerity measure
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getting rid of subsidies on domestic oil.
because it would impact transportaion and food and daily essentials |
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whats the deal with nigerias police force
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nigerias police force has been nationalized but local communities have their own"law and order" where traditional leaders not only prevent deviant behavior but also protect "strangers" of their community
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although nigeria was under militay rule , the average citizen
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has not felt oppressed by the authoritarian state . not enough resources to keep close tabs on the large population
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nigeria judicial system remains vigorous and has been diligent at following
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rule of law. however, 2/3 of prisoners have been detained without trial because of suspecting threat to government
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what issue has overshadowed all other issues since independence
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census issue, because the outcome determines how goods will be distributed . south thinks north "overcooks" numbers
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how has nigeria done performence wise compared to others
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nigeria has not done well. the problem is leadership, curse of oil, nigerians cant settle on consitutional arrangement that provides resposible leadership from local to national level, "politcal cake" is divided on politcal importence (there needs to be a budget where extractions and distributive performence comes from the same budget so what one pays into the system and what one receives from the public sector are proportional. they need more public goals based on community
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what was the goal of ecnomic community of west african states
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to bring nigeria closer to other west africa countries while countering french influence
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treaty of lagos
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2 year phase during which intracommunity tariffs would be frozen, and followed by an 8 year period that would end with the removal of duties on trade among members and a common external tariff wall would be created
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why did nigeria beat the ivoirian french-speaking organization
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first approached toga, benin, and niger, the french speaking countries with which is had close ties, offering attractive economic inducements that included special petroleum prices .
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because of its prominence on the continent nigerias international finance problems have been
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embarrassing. it has led the region in critique of international lender polticies
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of all the world powers who plays the biggest role in west africa
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france
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most observers saw the saw the abacha regimes treatment of dissenters as
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a calulation of how far it could silence the opposition without provoking more severe international sanctions
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what is a notebly big commitment of substanital military capcity of nigeria
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in supplying leadership and the majority of troops for the economic community of west african states monitoring group
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what conerns the usa about nigeria
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incubation of islamic extremism and threats to flow of oil in the niger delta
. nigeria likes to deal with these problems domestically |
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ECOWAS is becoming increasingly important for
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its foreign policy and as a lens for formulating regional understanding of terrorism and other security threats
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what are nigerias highest priorities
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economic security and rule of law
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many politics in nigeria are a
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zero-sum game. making elections important to win at any cost. oil exuberates the stakes
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