Cpo Middle East

Front 1

1. Shiism

Back 1

10 percent of Muslim world, regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed, rejects the first three caliphs

Front 2

2. Sunni

Back 2

- accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors of Muhammad, Bakr is the right successor.

Front 3

3. Suleiman the Magnificent

Back 3

sultan ottoman empire Shiism Sunni

Front 4

4. Janissary Corps

Back 4

1st born son of Christian, élite fighting force,

Front 5

5. Millet system

Back 5

-ottoman systems for religious minorities to run themselves, pay taxes, govern affairs, and their own judicial process.

Front 6

6. Tanzimat

Back 6

ottoman empire reforms in the mid 19 century, changes, such as uniforms, were aimed at changing the mindset of imperial administrators. Many of the reforms were attempts to adopt successful European practices. Changes included universal conscription; educational, institutional and legal reforms; and systematic attempts at eliminating corruption. old religious and military institutions no longer met the needs of the empire in the modern world. ttempted to integrate non−Muslims and non−Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society by enhancing their civil liberties and granting them equality throughout the Empire.

Front 7

7. Ottoman capitulations

Back 7

-giving up rights of empire to other countries.

Front 8

8. Committee of Union and Progress (CUP

Back 8

“1908” movement within young Turks, constitutional monarchy

Front 9

9. Gallipoli campaign

Back 9

Mustafa.a final surge in the defence of the motherland as the centuries-old Ottoman Empire was crumbling. The struggle laid the grounds for the Turkish War of Independence and the foundation of the Turkish Republic eight years

Front 10

10. Arab Revolt 1916

Back 10

British encourage Arabs to ottomans to fight war. Promised Husain to rule

Front 11

11. Sykes-Picot Agreement

Back 11

- division of Arab lands of ottoman empire, Britain and France split up loans by France and Britain influence

Front 12

12. Balfour declaration-

Back 12

promised Jews national homeland in Palestine, made by James balfour and zionist leaders in England.

Front 13

13. Theodor Herzl-

Back 13

established Zionism

Front 14

14. Dreyfus affair

Back 14

The anti-Semitism and injustice revealed in France by the conviction of Alfred Dreyfus had a radicalizing effect on Herzl, demonstrating to him that Jews could never hope for fair treatment in European society.

Front 15

15. British White Paper (1939)-

Back 15

limits Jews immigration to British Palestine empire(2000/year)

Front 16

16. Hajj Amin

Back 16

leader of anti-jew movement. al-Husayni was known for his anti-Zionism and fought against the establishment of a National home for the Jewish people in the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine, particularly during the Great Arab Revolt. fought for hitler in Germany.

Front 17

17. Rhodes Armistice

Back 17

ended arab/isreali war. Started Israel 1938

Front 18

18. Correctional movement in Syria

Back 18

defacto movement of syria. al Assad came to power.

Front 19

19. Golan Heights

Back 19

Land belong to Israel, Syria wants it back from 6-day war, no religion until give back.

Front 20

20. Rafiq al Hariri

Back 20

-Lebanon 92-98, killed by car bomb 2005

Front 21

21. Camp David Accord (1978)-

Back 21

-agreement signed by carter. led to the 1979 Egyp/Isreali peace treaty.

Front 22

22. Palestinian authorities

Back 22

legal get. of Palestine after Oslo agreement, president abbas today, legislator is Hamas

Front 23

23. Oslo Agreements and PA

Back 23

First direct, face-to-face agreement between Israel and the Palestinians. Creation of a Palestinian Authority. The Palestinian Authority had responsibility for the administration of the territory under its control. It also called for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank.

Front 24

24. pan Arabism/country specific nationalism

Back 24

special nationalism, look at state first then Arabs

Front 25

25. Shehab(ism)-

Back 25

)-president of Lebanon, army general leadership, argue for strong state rule.

Front 26

26. Social and ethnic issues in Israel

Back 26

..Jews from all over differ from isreali jew. Isreali jews think of themselves only as isrealies.

Front 27

27. (neo) Colonialism and mandate system

Back 27

Sykes Pikot system where develop countries take care of less developed.

Front 28

28. Al Aqsa intifida

Back 28

2nd palestine uprising where sHaron made a bad remark. lasting from 2000-2008.

Front 29

29. Michel Aflaq

Back 29

Founder of Bathe Party. Christian

Front 30

30. Druze

Back 30

Religous group in lebanon. Not considered muslim.

Front 31

31. Maronites

Back 31

Christians in Lebanon, mostly Arabs, largest christian groups. Sunni prime minister. Shite speacker of the house.

Front 32

32. Alawites

Back 32

sect of Shi'ite Islam, prominent in Syria.

Front 33

33. PLO

Back 33

Umbrella org. brought groups together in Cairo. Arafat is leader, terrorist group isreal.

Front 34

34. Fatah

Back 34

largest group in PLO, controls PLO, president is FATAH member

Front 35

35. Hamas

Back 35

CENTRAL parliament of PLO, viewed is terrorist group BY Isreal

Front 36

36. Sabra and Shatila massacre

Back 36

carried out in September 1982 by a Lebanese Forces militia group against Palestinian refugee camps in Beirut.

Front 37

37. Black September (1970 in Jordan)

Back 37

blew up plane in Jordan. Jordan wanted Palestine to get Palestinian terrorist group out of Jordan.

Front 38

38. Ba’th party

Back 38

Socialist nationalist party/ built on Pan-Arabism.

Front 39

39. Syrian-Lebanese relations

Back 39

1975 Lebanese gvt. no force to use on attacks, Syria helped them out with force, In return Syria controlled some Lebanese gvt.

Front 40

40. Hashemite Family

Back 40

Leading family in Jordan and Iraq till '88. Related to islams founder Muhammed.

Front 41

41. Mandate System

Back 41

I think it was suppose to help the natives who were colonies of the defeated nations in WWI. They wanted to help them eventually gain self-government. I do remember it wasn't a very effective system.

Front 42

42. Sinai War (1956)

Back 42

The attack followed Egypt's decision of 26 July 1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal after the withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the United States to fund the building of the Aswan Dam.[4]

Front 43

43. Israeli invasion of Lebanon (1982)

Back 43

sieged Beirut. Siege of Beirut took place in the summer of 1982, as a result of the breakdown of the cease-fire effected by the United Nations. It ended with the PLO being forced out of Lebanon, and Israel immediately giving back nearly all the territory taken in the siege, holding onto only a "security zone," a ten-mile wide strip of land along the Israeli-Lebanese border

Front 44

44. Kadima party

Back 44

Centrist party of ISREAL, new, formed by SHARON. largest number of votes

Front 45

45. Baghdad Pact/CENTO

Back 45

was adopted in 1955 by Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, and Iran, as well as the United Kingdom. Anti-soviet coalition of nato to , cold war tactics.

Front 46

46. Six-Days war (1967)

Back 46

Egyptian/Jordanian army takes west bank. Israel won, but political victory for Egypt. pressure from u.s and Egypt forced Israel to withdraw from peninsula.

Front 47

47. Lebanese National Pact (1943)

Back 47

an unwritten agreement that established the political foundations of modern Lebanon, allocated political power on an essentially confessional system based on the 1932 census. Seats in parliament were divided on a 6-to-5 ratio of Christians to Muslims, until 1990 when the ratio changed to half and half. PRESIDENT-MARONITE CHRISTIAN, PRIME. MiN- SUNNI, SPEAKER- SHIA.

Front 48

48. Hezbollah

Back 48

Terrorist group. Shia movt. in Lebanon, Only lebanese milita in Leb., provides social service for people

Front 49

49. Shatt-al Arab Waterway

Back 49

One of the causes to the 1979 Start Iran/Iraq war. IRAN/IRAQ BOTH WANTED ACCESS. This war resulted in hundreds of thousands of casualties and a tremedous loss of oil revenues for both countries The war eventually ended in 1988 but anomosities have persisted.

Front 50

51. Arab nationalism (Nasserism/Ba’thism)

Back 50

Arab independence refers to the concept of the removal or minimization of direct Western influence in the Middle East.

Front 51

50. No fly zones in Iraq

Back 51

2 no fly zones. one in the south and the other in the north. Used to to protect humanitarian operations in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones.