Cpce/ Nce Prep- Human Growth & Development

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Freud's stages of development are

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Psychosexual

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Erik Erikson stages of development are

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Psychosocial

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Psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory that encompasses the entire life span

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Erik Erikson

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"The ego is dependent on the id" would most likely reflect the work of

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Sigmund Freud

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Who stresses a concept known as dualistic thinking common to teens in which things are conceptualized as good/bad or right/wrong

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William Perry

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Dualistic Thinking

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common to teens in which things are conceptualized as good/bad or right/wrong. Also known as black/white thinking with no ambiguity

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Relativistic Thinking

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As an adolescent enters adulthood they have the ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist relative to a specific situation. There is more than one way to view the world

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Freudian stages

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Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Emphasize sexuality

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Erik Erikson's 8 stages

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Trust versus mistrust, integrity versus despair,...

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Psychometric

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Mental testing or measurement

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Psychodiagnostic

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The study of personality through interpretation of behavior or non-verbal cues. The counselor can use these factors to test or label the client in a diagnostic category

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Psychopharmacology

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Studies the effects that drugs have on psychological functions

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Id

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The seat of sex and aggression. The Id is chaotic and only concerned with the body and not with the outside world. Also called the pleasure principal. Houses animalistic instints

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Ego

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Logical, rational, and utilizes the power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check. The reality principal

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Superego

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Moralistic and idealistic portion of the personality

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Milton H. Erickson

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Generally associated with brief Psychotherapy and Innovative techniques in hypnosis

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Piaget

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The leading name in cognitive development in children

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Jay Haley

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Known for his work in strategic and problem-solving therapy, often utilizing the technique of paradox. Studied under Milton Erickson

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Arnold Lazarus

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Considered a Pioneer in the behavior therapy movement, especially in regard to the use of systematic desensitization, a technique which helps clients cope with phobias. He is often associated with multimodal therapy

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systematic desensitization

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a technique which helps clients cope with phobias.

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William Perry

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Known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development; especially college students

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Robert Kegan

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Is well-known figure in the area of adult cognitive development. Kegan's model stresses interpersonal development. Kegan's Theory is based on a constructive model of development, meaning that individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan

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Jean Piaget's theory has four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is

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Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations

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Some behavioral scientists have been critical of John Piaget's developmental research because

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His findings were often derived from observing his own children

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Alfred Binet

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Created the first intelligence test

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t test

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A parametric statistical test used in formal experiments to determine whether there is a significant difference between two groups. The t test is used to ascertain if the means of the groups are significantly different from each other. When using the t-test the groups must be normally distributed. Can also be referred to as the students t

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A tall skinny picture of water is emptied into a small squatty picture. A child indicates that she feels the small picture has less water. The child has not yet mastered

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Conservation

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In Piaget's theory the term conservation refers to

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The notion that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if the shape changes

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According to Piaget, the child masters conservation and the concept of reversibility during

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The concrete operational stage is between ages 7 and 11 years old. During this time the child also learns how to count mentally

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Symbolic schema

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A cognitive structure that grows with life experience

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Schema

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A system which permits the child to test out things in the physical world

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In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to

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Volume or mass

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A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as

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Concrete operations- ages 7 to 11

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Who expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development

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Lawrence Kohlberg. He is the leading theorist in moral development

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Who disagreed with Piaget's notion that developmental stages takes place naturally

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Lev Vygotsky. He instead insisted that the stages on hold due to educational intervention

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Kohlberg's, Erikson's, and Maslow's theories are said to be

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Epigentic in nature

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Epigenetic

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A biological term borrowed from embryology. This principal states that each stage emerges from one before it. The process follows a given order and is systematic

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John B. Watson

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The father of American behaviorism and coined the term behaviorism in 1912

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According to Piaget, A child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage known as concrete operations. This notion suggest

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One can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape

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During a thunderstorm, a 6 year six-year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says "the rain is following me". This is an example of

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Egocentrism

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Egocentrism

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Conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else

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Abstract thoughts

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Occurs in Piaget's final or fourth stage known as formal operations

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Lawrence Kohlberg's theory suggested

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Three levels of morality

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Kohlberg's theory has three levels of moral development called

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Preconventional, conventional, and post conventional level which is referred to in some text as the personal Integrity or morality of self accepted principles level

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In Kohlberg's theory, the reasoning utilize to solve a moral dilemma could be used to assess

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Moral development

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The term identity crisis comes from the work of

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Erikson

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Positive psychology

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A term coined by Abraham Maslow and popularized by learned helplessness syndrome Pioneer Martin Seligman. Refers to the study of human strengths such as Joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, happiness, and wisdom

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Alfred Adler

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Founder of individual psychology, which stresses the inferiority complex

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In the preconventional level of Kohlberg's theory

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The child responds to consequences. In this stage reward and Punishment greatly influence the behavior

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In the conventional level of Kohlberg's theory

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The individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation

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In the final stage of Kohlberg's theory postconventional or self accepted morality

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A person is concerned with universal, ethical principles of Justice, dignity, and quality of Human Rights. Kohlberg felt that many people never reach this stage

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Trust versus mistrust is

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Erik Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development

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Harry Stack Sullivan

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Postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, pre-adolescent, early adolescence, and late adolescence

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Harry Stack Sullivan's Theory

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Is known as the Psychiatry of interpersonal relationships. It states that biological determination is seen as less important than interpersonal issues and the socio-cultural demands of society. Similar to Erikson's theory

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A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages will be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage

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Integrity vs. Despair. This final stage begins at about age 60

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In Kohlberg's first for preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is Guided by

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Consequences

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Fugue state

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Refers to an individual who experiences memory loss (amnesia) and leaves home, often with the intention of changing his or her job and identity

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Counter-conditioning

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A behavioristic technique in which the goal is to weaken or eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger and desirable response

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Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by

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A desire to live up to society's expectation and a desire to conform. Good boy/good girl orientation

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Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual

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Has self-imposed morals and ethics

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According to Kohlberg's level 3 which is post conventional or self accepted moral principles

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Is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level

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The zone of proximal development was pioneered by

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Lev Vygotsky

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The zone of proximal development describes

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The difference between a child's performance without a teacher versus but the child is capable of with instruction

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Freud and Erikson could be classified as

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Maturationist

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And Behavioral Science the concept of maturation hypothesis also known as a maturation Theory

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Suggest that behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. The theory also suggests that the individual's neural development must be at this certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold

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John Bowlby's name is most closely associated with

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Bonding and attachment

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Arnold Gesell was a Pioneer in terms of

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Using a one-way mirror for observing children

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Bowlby insisted that in order to lead a normal social life the child must

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Bond with an adult before the age of 3. If the bond is severed at an early age it is known as object lost and this is said to be the breeding ground for abnormal behavior or what is called psychopathology

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Symbiosis

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Mahler calls this the child's absolute dependence on the female caretaker

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In which Ericksonian stage does a midlife crisis occur

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Generativity vs. Stagnation (self-absorption)

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The researcher who was well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is

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Harry Harlow

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The statement males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations is

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True according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin ( not significant until high school or perhaps College)

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The Ericksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is

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Intimacy versus isolation stage - age 23 to 34

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We often refer to individuals asking for missed. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?

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A 13 year old male middle School students. Conformity seems to peak in the early teens

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In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys

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The baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth mother surrogate then a wire surrogate mother

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Freud postulated psychosexual stages

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Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

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Freud's structural theory of the Mind is composed of

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Id, ego, superego

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Eros

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The Freudian concept of the life instinct

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Thanatos

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Freudian concept of the self-destructive death instinct

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Regression

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Used to describe clients who return to an earlier stage of development

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Manifest content

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Describes the dream material as it is presented to the dreamer

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Latent content

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Refers to the hidden meaning of a dream

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In adolescents regarding suicide

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Males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often

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In the general population regarding suicide

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Suicide rates tend to increase with age

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The fear of death is greatest during

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Middle age

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In Freudian theory attachment is a major factor that evolves

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Primarily evolved during the oral stage

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When comparing girls to boys it could be noted that

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Girls grow-up to smile more, girls are you using more feeling words by age 2, and girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age

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The Freudian developmental stage which least emphasizes sexuality is

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Latency

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In terms of parenting young children in regards to punishment

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Boys are punished more than girls

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When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean

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How much hereditary or environment interact to influence development

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Stage theorists assume

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Qualitative changes between stages occur

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Development

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Is a continual process which begins at conception

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Development is cephalocaudal which means

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Head to foot. Cephalocaudal simply refers to bodily proportions between the head and tail

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Heredity

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Assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes. Assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes. And assumes genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code

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Heritability

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The portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors

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Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operations stage. In this stage

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Abstract thinking emerges and problems can be solved using deduction

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Kohlberg listed __ stages of moral development which fall into __ levels

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6, 3

Stage 1- the preconventional level includes punishment / obedience orientation

Stage 2 - naive Hedonism or instrumental egotistic orientation

Stage 3 the conventional level includes good boy / good girl orientation

Stage 4 the authority law level and Order orientation

Stage 5 the postconventional level includes democratically accepted law or social contract

Stage 6 the morality of self accepted principles level includes self conscious and Universal ethics

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Freud's Oedipus Complex

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Is the state in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite sex parent occurs and occurs during the phallic stage

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In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as

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The Electra complex

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Covert

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Any psychological process which cannot be directly observed

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In Vivo

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The client is exposed to an actual situation which might prove fruitful or difficult

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Desensitization

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A behavioral therapy technique that helps to ameliorate anxiety reactions

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Gibson research the matter of depth perception and children by utilizing

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A visual cliff

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Theorist who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as

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Empiricist

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Empiricism

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The philosophy of John Locke develop in the 1600s sometimes referred to associationism. The word empiricism means experience. This philosophy means that experience is the source of acquiring knowledge. Empiricism is the Forerunner of behaviorism

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An empiricist view of development would be

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Behavioristic

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Behavioristic empiricist researchers value

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Statistical studies and emphasize the role of the environment

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Organismic supporters feel

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The individual's actions are more important than the environment in terms of one's development

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In the famous experiment by Harlow frightening monkey is raised to be a cloth and wire mothers

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Ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers

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The theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that the developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?

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Organicism

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In Piaget's development theory reflexes play the greatest role in the

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Sensorimotor stage

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Hey mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe that we exist anymore. The child has not mastered

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Object permanence and representational thought.

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The schema of permanency constancy of objects occur in the

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Sensorimotor stage - birth to 2 years

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John Bowlby has asserted that

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Contact disorders and other forms of Psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood

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The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life

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Appear to be abnormal and autistic. Artistic means extremely withdrawn and isolated

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According to the freudians if a child is severely traumatized he or she may ____ a given psychosexual stage

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Become fixated at

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An expert who has reviewed the literature on TV and violence would conclude that

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Watching violence tends to make children more aggressive

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A counselor who utilizes the term Instinctual technically means

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Behavior that manifest itself in all normal members of a given species

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The word ethology which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz refers to

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The study of animals behavior in their natural environment

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Comparative psychology

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Refers to laboratory research using animals and attempts to generalize the findings to humans

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Konrad Lorenz

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Best known for his work on the process of imprinting, an instinctive behavior in goslings and other animals in which the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters, which is usually the mother. Lorenz used himself as a moving object for newborn geese

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Critical periods

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States that certain behaviors must be learned at an early time in an animal's development otherwise the behavior will never be learned at all

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A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores his or her other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of

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Centration

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Centration

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Occurs in the pre-operational stage and is characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object while not noticing the rest of it

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Piaget felt

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Teacher should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation

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Piaget's pre-operational stage

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Includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema

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Sigmund Freud and Eric Erickson agreed that

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Each developmental stage needs to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage

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R.J. Havinghurst

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Proposed developmental task for - infants and early childhood- birth to 6- learning to walk or eat solid foods

-middle childhood- 6-12- learning to get along with peers or developing a conscience.

- adolescents - 12 - 18 - preparing for marriage and economic career

- early adulthood - 19 - 30 years as select a mate and starting a family

- middle age - 30 - 60 years - assisting teenage children to become responsible adults and developing leisure activities

- later maturity - 60 and Beyond - dealing with the death of a spouse and adjusting to retirement

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The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by

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Sex role socialization

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Negative reinforcement

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Occurs when the removal of a stimulus increases the probability that an antecedent behavior will occur

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Reinforcers

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both positive and negative increase the probability that a behavior will occur

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The sequence of object loss which goes from potest to despair to detachment best describes the work of

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Bowlby

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A counselor who is seeing a 15 year old boy weigh who is not doing well in public speaking class with need to keep in mind that

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In general Girls Princess better verbal skills and boys and in general boys possess better visual perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls

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Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes this phenomenon is

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Sibling rivalry

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The Primal scene

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Psychoanalytic concepts that suggest that a young child Witnesses his parents having sexual intercourse or get seduced by a parent

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A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to

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Piaget's pre-operational period- ages 2 to 7 years old

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Animism

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Occurs when a child acts as if a non-living object has lifelike abilities and tendencies

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Anima

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Represents the female characteristics of the personality

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Animus

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Represents the male characteristics of a personality

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Wish fulfillment

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A Freudian notion that dreams and slips of the tongue are actually wish fulfillment

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Elementary School counseling and guidance services

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Are fairly new development which should not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s

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Research related to elementary school counselors indicate that

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These counselors are effective, do make a difference in the children's lives, and more counselors should be employed

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According to the Yale research by Daniel J Levinson

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80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crisis and an age 30 crisis occurs in men when they feel that will soon be too late to make better changes

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Erikson's middle-age stage ages 35 to 60 is also known as generativity vs. Stagnation. Generativity refers to

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The ability to do creative work or raise a family. The opposite of stagnation. The productive ability to create a career, family, and Leisure Time

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A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels

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Ego Integrity in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage

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Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is the Freud, and as __ to Erikson

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Trust vs. Mistrust

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Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation

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H. Harlow

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When development comes to a halt counselors say that the client

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Suffers from fixation

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Learned helplessness syndrome

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In which a person is exposed to situations that he or she is truly powerless to change and then begins to believe he or she has no control over the environment. Such a person can become easily depressed. This concept is associated with Martin. E. P. Seligman

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Risky shift phenomenon

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The fact that a group decision is typically more liberal than the average decision of individual group member prior to participation in the group. The individual stance is generally more conservative than the group's decision

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Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud on the other hand feel morality develop from the

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Superhero

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Parent ego state

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Equivalent to the super ego. The parent ego is filled with ships, aunts, and must which often guide morality. Created by Eric Berne the father of transactional analysis

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Which theorist would most likely say that aggression is an inborn tendency

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Konrad Lorenz

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The statement and bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not is most closely associated with

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Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level

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Heteronomous stage/ morality

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Between ages 4 and 17 with a child views rules as absolutes that result in punishment

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Automonous stage / morality

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The child's perceptions that rules are relative and can be altered or changed

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A critical period

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Makes imprinting possible and signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all

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Imprinting is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by

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Konrad Lorenz

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Marital satisfaction

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Often this with Parenthood and is lowest prior to a child leaving home

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Maslow, humanist psychologist, is famous for his hierarchy of needs which postulates

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Lower orders physiological and safety needs and higher order needs such as self-actualization

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To research the Dilemma of self-actualization Maslow

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Interviewed the best people he can find who escaped the psychology of the average

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Piaget is

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Structuralist hopefully you stage changes are qualitative

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___ factors cause Down syndrome which produces mental retardation

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Genetic

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Phenylketonuria- PKU

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Which is an amino acid metabolic difficulty that causes retardation unless the baby is placed on a special diet

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Klinefelter's Syndrome

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In which a male shows no masculinity at puberty

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Turner syndrome

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Female has no gonads or sex hormones

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Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structure or schema to deal with the new information. The Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called

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Equilibrium

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Counterbalancing

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Refers to an experimental process in which a researcher varies the order of conditions to eliminate irrelevant variables

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Balance Theory

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Suggest that individuals overweight inconsistent or incompatible beliefs. People prefer consistent beliefs. Also called cognitive consistency

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ABA design

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Experimental and research lingo. The A stands for the Baseline, which is the behavior before the experimental or treatment procedure is introduced. B is the treatment. After the treatment has been introduced A is measured to see if a change is evident

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There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theory of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mine is seen as being driven by Instinct while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationist

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Allow clients to work through early conflicts

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Ritualistic behaviors which are common to all members of a species are known as

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Fixed action patterns elicited by sign stimuli

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Fixed action pattern - FAP

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Will result whenever a releaser in the environment is present. The action or sequence of behavior will not vary

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Hysteria

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Occurs when an individual displays an organic symptom such as blindness, paralysis, or deafness yet no physiological causes are evident

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Pica

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A condition in which a person wishes to eat items that are not food

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Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which

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The client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find a new D

Direction

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Kegan suggest six stages of lifespan development to include

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Incorporative, impulsive, Imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual

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Most experts in the field of counseling agree that

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No one theory completely explains developmental processes thus counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories

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Equilibration

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The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)

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The council is working with the family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor would ideally focus on

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Maslow's lower-order needs such as physiological and safety needs

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs

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Survival, security, safety, love, self esteem, and self-actualization

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Anal retentive personality is

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Stingy

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From a Freudian perspective a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be

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Considered a oral character