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273 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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libido
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basic instinctual life force, defined by freud.
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id
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contains basic instincts, operates on the pleasure principle
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ego
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emerges foray year of life, operates on the reality principle
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superego
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operates on the morality principle. emerges at 5 years. counterbalance the id.
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compensation
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Substituting a successful experience for one that produced failure
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Reaction formation
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Expressing the opposite motive that was originally intended in order to help prevent unwanted attitudes or feelings from becoming expressed
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Fixation
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Part is Troy psychosexual theory when someone has the inability to resolve an important conflict they stay fixed in a specific stage
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Erikson's basic trust vs mistrust
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Birth to two years the caretakers responsibilities is to create a trusting environment and positive relationship with the infant mistrust occurs when infants are not comforted or encounter unpredictability
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Autonomy vs shame and doubt
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Aegis one or two to three years a battle of wills positive interactions with caretakers leave the toddler to develop a sense of autonomy by Erik Erikson
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Initiative vs guilt
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Ages 3 to 5 years children display a sense of ambition and responsibility
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Industry vs inferiority
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Ages 6 to 11 years children of all cultures strive for competence to master social and academic tasks and learn to cooperate or else they develop a sense of inferiority
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Identity vs role confusion
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Adolescence recognize a sense of uniqueness and personal identity peer group interactions become very importance they choose goals and values to establish their personal identity
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Intimacy vs isolation
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Young adults main task is to establish intimate bonds of love and friendship rather than isolation and self absorption
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Generativity vs. Stagnation
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Individuals in middle adulthood consider family relations partners and intimate friendship to be of great importance
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Integrity vs despair
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Individuals in old age come to terms with their own mortality and limitations in order to reflect on their life with a sense of pride the chief mint satisfaction and integrity and to face death with dignity
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pretty social stage jane Loevinger
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Babiez differentiate from an outer world
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Symbiotics stage Jane Loevinger
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differentiation of self from others
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Impulsive stage Jane Loevenger
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Affirm self identity very demanding
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Self-protective stage Levenger
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Self control rule governed behavior
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Conformist stage Levanger
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Obey group rules strive for acceptance from family
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Self-awareness self-conscious stage Levenger
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Strive for stability and maturity
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Conscientiousness Levenger
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Internalized rules morality
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Individualistic Levenger
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Strive for individuality awareness of inner conflict
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Autonomous loevinger
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Strive for self fulfillment cope with inner conflict
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Integrated Levenger
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Consolidated identity
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
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Physiological food water and rest safety belongingness steam self actualization
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Ethological theories
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Konrad Lorenz John Bowlby Mary Ainsworth Harry Harlow
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Konrad Lorenz
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Carried out the famous experiments on imprinting his concept is also known as the critical period or sensitive.
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Bowlby protest
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Infant refuses to accept separation and cry
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Despair Bowlby
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The infinite seems to give up all hope of summoning the caretaker and becomes quiet inactive and withdrawn
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detachment Bowlby
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The answer it begins to accept attention from others and seems less unhappy when the caretaker re-emerges the infant often appears uninterested in the caretaker
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Securely attached Ainsworth
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Normal and secure relationships which the children explore the environment and protest separation
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Avoidantly attached Ainsworth
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Withdrawn behaviour in which children explore without regard for the caretaker ignore separations and avoid reunions when a caretaker re-emerges
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Ambivalently attached Ainsworth
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Cleaning behaviour in which the child refuses to explore the environment and protest separations quite vehement ly
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Disorganized attachment Ainsworth
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Behaviour and its children showed little emotion at separation and mostly confusion at reunion
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Harry Harlow
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Famous for the infant rhesus monkeys stranger anxiety occurs around 6 months separation anxiety usually occurs in infants between the first and second birthday
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Erikson's identity development adolescence
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Normative identity consistent with the values and expectations of society deviant identity inconsistent with the values and expectations achieved identity has been earned through effort and ability ascribed identity has been given by others or as the result of another's efforts and achievements
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James Marcia 1966 identity status
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Identity achievement committing to goals and taking a course of action to achieve those goals identity moratorium continuing to take in and analyze information without agreeing on goals identity foreclosure when determines goals the team pursues the goals without question identity diffusion occurs when teens procrastinate or become confused they are unable or unwilling to lead to goal setting
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Social learning theory
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Children learn gender roles through observation of same-sex caregivers and models
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Cognitive developmental model
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Children develop high levels of cognition they become more aware of their gender identities Kohlberg is an example of this he observed that gender identity with ordinarily recognized by boys and girls by age 2 or 3 years old and that children at 7 years old realized that they cannot change their gender by simply changing their appearance
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Psychoanalytic theory
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Stresses the role of the Oedipus and Electra complexes and that children emulate their parents hereby established in gender role identification
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Disengagement theory
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Detachment theory adjustment to aging and death proposes withdrawal from the social system that this is a natural process precipitated by the need for reflection self preoccupation and lower need for emotional connectedness with others
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Activity theory aging and death
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Suggested as people age they prefer to remain socially active in order to resist self preoccupation him he came closer social relationship
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Atchley retirement theory
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Pre-retirement making plan immediately after retirement a honeymoon phase. Of the mentality of retirement wears off reorientation putting together a satisfactory and realistic lifestyle
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Elisabeth Kubler Ross 1969
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Define the stages of grief shock and denial disbelief or denial anger. Of Rage bargaining and guilt feeling that one must have done something to deserve the loss hopelessness loneliness and depressed feeling and acceptance moving on and readjusting to a new life situation
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Lawrence Kohlberg moral development
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Preconventional level individuals have little awareness of socially acceptable moral behavior stage 1 obedience and punishment stage 2 instrumental hedonism morality focuses on pleasure as a motivator level to conventional level people conform to rules in order to avoid social disapproval stage 3 good boy good girl individuals try to please everyone stage 4 law and order dividuals conform to rules to avoid censure level 3 post conventional level many people never reach this level people at this level also behave in a way that respects the dignity of all people stage 5 social moral contract and system of laws morality at this stage is defined in terms of general individual rights rules and values are relative and as necessary subjected to change stage6 universal ethics principles moral behavior is determined by individual decisions of consciousness dividuals may form their own principles and use them to guide their behavior
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Lawrence Kohlberg preconventional level
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Stage 1 billion some punishment mentality that the week must please the strong stage 2 instrumental hedonism focuses on pleasure as a motivator serving one's on self
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Lawrence Kohlberg level to conventional level moral development
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Good boy good girl dividuals in the stage try to please everyone quality among individuals also begins to emerge one desires to be seen as good stage 4 law and order individuals conform to rules to avoid century by legitimate authority
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Lawrence Kohlberg postconventional level of moral development
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Post conventional level is the highest level only three out of four adults reach this level it includes stage 5 social moral contract and system of laws rules and values are relative and as necessary subjected to change stage6 universal ethical principles moral behavior is determined by individual decisions of consciousness
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Carol Gilligan 1982 moral development
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Feminist objected to Kohlberg's theory saying it was biased against females included orientation to individual survival focuses on the self selfishness is transformed into a sense of responsibility for others that is when they can move on to goodness as self-sacrifice good is equated with doing good for others the more one sacrifices the greater their moral goodness and finally morality of nonviolence the woman resolved the conflict between selfishness and responsibility by reaching an equilibrium between individual needs and the social caring ideal
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Jean Piaget moral development
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Pre-marital stage for several years of life moral realism stage for 25 years of old develop an awareness of rules moral relativism stage h7 understands rules and reasons behind world
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Arnold Giselle
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Pediatrician best known for the jizzel scales which are the developmental quotient
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Robert haven't Hurst developmental task approach
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1972 American professor physicist educator and aging experts talked about growth and development from infancy through late adulthood
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Roger gold adult developmental theory
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American writer and psychiatrist studied more than a thousand adults you too don't development as a series of task resolution that allowed adults to correct these false assumptions and ultimately take control of their lives talked about leaving our parents world 16 to 22 I'm nobody's baby now 22 to 28 leaving parents will always be there to help opening up to what's inside 29 to lose 30 my parents can offer a simplified version and solution to inner realities midlife decade 35 to 45 thinking that safety can last forever and that death cannot happen to one self or loved ones
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Robert Peck face theory of adult development
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Phases of middle adult psychological changes valuing wisdom versus selling physical powers socializing versus sexualizing acetic flexibility forces cathodic impoverishment individuals develop the capacity to shift emotional energy is from one person or activity to another in order to deal with loss as they will encounter in the future phase to retirement years ego differentiation for his work will preoccupation body transcended vs body preoccupation an ego transcendence vs eagle preoccupation
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Daniel Levinson adult male development theory
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1978 talked about males life structures go through periods of stability and grills alternated with transitional period that healthy adult reach more mature life structure has the novice face from 17 to 30 settling down face the midlife transition 4245 entering middle adulthood 45 to 50 age 50 transition building a second middle adult structure 55 to 60 late adult transition 6265 and late adulthood 65 plus
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Boston Brenner's chological
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Urea breath and Brenner 1978 termed the micro system has the family and that's a system as the community the exit system as the local and global economy and the macro system as the political organization the chrono system as a historical era
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Carol tavris
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Wrote the Miss measure of women contended that women are judged on the basis of how will they fit into a male dominated world
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Carol
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1982 wrote in a different voice observing that communication patterns just played by women give birth from men and the women are socialized to be dependent and caregivers rather than independent
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Gail Sheehy
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1976 Road passages predictable crises in adult life contended that women face crises as they pass through developmental transitional period
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Eric Lindemann
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Pioneer in the development of crisis studied the famous Coconut Grove nightclub fire of 1942
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Gerald caplan
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Expanded on Lindemanns work in crisis by applying public health and preventive psychiatric principles
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Developmental crises
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caused by Normal life experiences
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environmental crises
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Caused by natural or human-caused events affecting multiple people at the same time
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Existential crises
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Caused by realizations of personal purpose and meaning
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Situational crises
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Caused by an event that is shocking and traumatic such as rape death or accident
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Psychiatric crises
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Caused by mental health or substance use problems
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Six step model for assessing client during a crisis
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Created by James and Gilliland 2013 defining the problem ensuring plant safety providing support examining alternatives making plans and obtaining commitment
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ABC X model of family crisis and stress
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Created by Hill 1949 after studying ww2 separation and re unification a families. A is the stressor B family resources see meaning attached to the stressor and X the crisis
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Trans crisis
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Occurs when the traumatic event of an initial crisis is not fully dealt with and become submerged in to a client subconscious
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Is path warm
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Ideation substance abuse purposeless ness anxiety trapped hopelessness withdrawal anger recklessness and mood change
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Slap assessment
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Specific details lethality of plan availability of method and proximity to obtaining help
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Bipolar 1 disorder
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One or more manic or mixed episodes with no history of major depressive episode genetically transmitted occurs equally in males and females
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Bipolar 2 disorder
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Presence of at least one major depressive episode and hypomanic episode is more commonly diagnosed in females than males
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cyclothymic disorder
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Characterized by numerous periods of depression interspersed with periods of hypomania lasting for at least 2 years and adults one year in children or adolescence
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Major depressive disorder
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Involving one or more major depressive episode in the absence of the manic hypomanic or mixed episode is diagnosed females twice as frequently as in males
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Dysthymic disorder
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Involving a chronically depressed mood of cream most days for a minimum of 2 years many of the symptoms resemble those has major depressive episode but the individual does not experience the classic two-week acute spearmint rather it is less severe and more chronic
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Dis associative identity disorder
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Formally multiple personality disorder present to try more distant identity personalities
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Depersonalization D realization disorder
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Compasses feelings of detachment from one's mental processes or body without loss of contact with reality a dream like state
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Somatic system disorder
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Involves a history of physical complaints occurring over several years and causing significant impairment the complaints are not the result of a general medical condition or are far in excess of such a condition
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Conversion disorder
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Involve symptoms deficits in voluntary motor or sensory functions the symptoms are judged not to be intentionally produced
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factitious disorder
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Involves intentional feigning a physical or psychological symptoms in order to assume the sick role
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Encopresis
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The usually involuntary depositing of feces in inappropriate places
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enuresis
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The usually involuntary urination in inappropriate places either during night time or during the day
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Industrial Revolution
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Transformation brought increased standards of living and job opportunities also led to the Boston vocational Bureau in 1908 led by Frank persons to increase vocational guidance in schools
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National vocational guidance Association
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Founded in 19 51 one of the founding divisions of the American personnel and guidance Association now known as the American counseling Association 1985 it changed its name to the ncda
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The Smith Hughes National Vocational Education Act of 1917
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Promoted vocational education through the provision of federal funds and called for the isolation of location is UK Shin for the rest of the academic curriculum
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The US employment service
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1939 was created through the Wagner Kaiser Act of 1933 offers job search and placement assistance to job seekers in 1998 Act was amended to include the one-stop delivery system
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DG Patterson
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Develop special aptitude tests and personality inventories to assist workers in gaining employment around the time of the Great Depression the 19 thirties
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Roosevelt's New Deal
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Series of economic programs enacted between 1933 and 1936.
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National Defense Education Act
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Instituted in 1958 passed in response to the Soviet Union's launching of Sputnik set to expand K through 12 counselor education programs
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Vocational Education Act of 1963
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Include a career services for elementary schools technical institutions and public community colleges
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Job training Partnership Act JTEPA of 1982
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Included with the Carl Perkins vocational and technical education active 1984 to address the needs of disadvantaged students technical education programs and unemployed workers
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School to work at 1994
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Provided all students with equal opportunities to participate in programs that combine academic an occupational education
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American with Disabilities Act
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Passed in 1990 provides protection against employment discrimination
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George a merrill
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Pioneer in 4 runner in career guidance develop to reclaim that combined academic instruction with technical and vocational training
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Frank
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Considered the father of career guidance developed the trait and factor approach cluded gaining self-awareness understanding the world of work and true reasoning combining understanding of self with the knowledge of work also establish the Boston vocational Bureau
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Edmund Williamson
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Best known for his contribution to the Minnesota. Of you which is a career guidance theory that was derived from the work of Frank Parsons believed that cancer should share their wisdom with clients to help them reach a career decision
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Donald super
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Develop the lifespan life space career theory he wanted a developmental career counselor vol.5 life changes and numerous developmental career tasks he proposed to create a rainbow he also developed career inventories which she called work values inventory the Career Development inventory and the adult career concerns inventory
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John Crites
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One of the leading vocational psychologist of the 20th century he developed a career maturity and the career maturity inventory endorse comprehensive career counseling and he developed the first objective taxonomy for classifying career decision making problems
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John Holland
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Best known for developing the area vocational choice Raya sack realistic invest to kiss his artistic social enterprising and conventional typology is used in the strong interest inventory and the ASVAB best known for developing the self directed search
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John krumboltz
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Developed social learning theory of career counseling held the belief that individuals learned experience lead them to develop specific career beliefs that those beliefs influence their career decision making
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Joanne Harris bowlsbey
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Develop computerized locational system such as CV is discover and visions
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Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
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Established a national minimum wage provided minimum standards for overtime entitlement and prohibited the employment of minors
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Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
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Ensure safe and healthful working conditions for employees through the creation of OSHA
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Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
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Prohibits discrimination against an individual with a disability and programs sponsored by federal agencies or receiving federal financial assistance
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Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
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Prohibits employers from discriminating against a qualified individual who has a mental or physical disability
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Family Medical Leave Act of 1993
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Allows employees to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave when an employee is an able to perform his or her job to care for a sick family member or to provide care to a child quitting birth adoption or foster care
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Individual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004
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Children with disabilities receive special education and related services designed to meet their individual needs
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Trait and factor theory
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Developed by Frank Parsons and Edmund g. Williamson the assumption that every person has a unique set of traits and every occupation requires a person to have a specific set of traits so the job is to match the occupation with the person's interests this is part of trade in fact or theory theory of work adjustment hauling theory of types and the Myers Briggs Type theory
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Work-related burnout
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Emotional exhaustion depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment
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John Crites
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Found that employs his rights in the workplace were able to adjust to their job tasks develop sufficient workplace relationships and consider future goals
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Gaining self-understanding
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Step 1 of trait and factor approach look at aptitude interests values personality and achievement
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Career activeness
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Making changes to the work environment
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Career reactiveness
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Making changes to sell to adjust to the career environment
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Work
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Defined as the interaction between an individual and a work environment
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Work correspondence
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A high level of correspondence the degree to which the individual and work environment continue to meet each others needs must be maintained
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John Holland 1966
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Created Holland's theory of types tenets of the trait and type theory included realistic investigative artistic social enterprising and conventional believed that a person's work should match personality
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Congruence
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hollands belief that there were there should be a relationship between an individual's personality in the work environment
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Realistic
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Work environment includes tools machinery or animals that the worker has to manipulate physically demanding workers need to have technical competence
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Investigative
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Requires workers to solve problems using complex and abstract thinking could be a computer programmer physician or biologist worker is analytical intellectual scientific and
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Artistic
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Encourages creativity personal expression freedom and unconventionality examples are a musician an artist personality enjoy self-expression values originality and independence nonconforming and creative
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Social
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Involves working with and assisting people emphasizes values such as kindness friendliness and generosity could be teaching counseling social work personality desire to help others enjoy solving problems through discussion and teamwork cooperative supportive and nurturing
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Enterprising
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Requires workers to manage and or persuade others to achieve organizational or personal goals are for soft and take risks to attain larger rewards examples could be Restaurant Manager politician business management or sales personality enjoys persuading and leading people tend to be assertive and competitive value values wealth
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Conventional
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Entails organization and planning requires employees to keep records file organizer report to make calculations could be an executive assistant or clerk personality prefers to follow rules and instructions and be in control of situations detail oriented and toys organizing possessive clerical skills in numerical ability and is dependable
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Hollands differentiation
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Refers to the differentiated individual the level of distinctions between each of the six fallen types people who are more differentiated have an easier time finding themselves with a specific job people to or less differentiated have a harder time making a career choice
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Hollands consistency
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Defined as the degree of similarity between the 6 hole in tight individuals have some consistency as well as work environment
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Myers Briggs Type theory
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Based on the work of Carl Jung 1971 developed by catherine Briggs psychologist and her daughter Isabel Myers the theory proposes that for dichotomous to mention shape but individuals pay attention to in the world and how they make decisions about what they see includes introversion vs extraversion sensing vs intuition thinking vs feeling and judging vs perceiving
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values based theory 1996
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Created by Brown grounded in the work of Rokeach 1973 to find values as a set of beliefs are standards the influence an individual sports emotions and behavior highly function individuals develop a crystal eyes and prioritized set of values
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Gottfried sons theory of circumscription compromise and self-creation
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Lifespan 3 1981 outlines the development process of children and adolescents talks about how people see themselves privately and publicly and society and how this affects career choice
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Circumscription
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Refers to the process by which individuals eliminate career alternatives they believe are not compatible with their self concept
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Compromise
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Refers to the process by which adolescents give up highly preferred career alternatives for those that are less compatible but more accessible
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Stages of circumscription
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Orientation to size and power 3 to 5 years old children classify their world in terms of big small or weak orientation to sexual 628 again tadina nowhere to sit gender roles orientation to social valuation 9/2/13 children become aware of distinctions in social class and finally orientation to the internal you need to sell 14 years and older occupations that match their values abilities family needs and personality
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Ginsburg & Associates career development theory
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Created by Ginsberg an economist Ginsberg a psychiatrist Axelrod a sociologist and her mama a psychologist includes developmental stages fantasy stayed up to 11 years tentative stage 11 to 17 years kids look at interest capacity value in transition and friendly realistic stage 17 to early 20 exploration crystallization and specification
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Prescriptive theories
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theories tgat describe ideal approaches to decision making
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Descriptive career theories
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Explain how individuals actually make vocational choices
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Indivisible self
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Empirically based wellness model used by clinicians inspired by Alfred Adler theory of individual psychology
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Therapeutic alliance
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Evolved from Carl Rogers 1957 conceptualisation of counselor client relationship six necessary and sufficient conditions for client change psychological contact client in congruence counselor congruence counselor unconditional positive regard counselor empathy. Perception of the relationship
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Ralph Greenson 1967
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Believe that the therapeutic relationship comprise three interrelated elements the working alliance the transference relationship and the real relationship believed it was vital for clients to discriminate between their transference relations with the counselor and their authentic perceptions of the counselor
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Bordin in 1979
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Depicts the working alliance is a collaboration for change involving three constructs a agreement on the goals of counseling be agreement on the tasks that will help clients achieve his or her goals and see the psychological bond between the counselor and the client
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The five factor model
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Acronym ocean stands for openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness and neuroticism
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Neo personality inventory revised
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Commonly used to measure the 5 big factors in counseling helps counselors formulate useful interventions to help clients improve the quality of their life
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Stages of change
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Referred to as the transtheoretical model PTM one of the most widely used models of behavioral change developed by Prochaska DiClemente and Norcross 1992 includes six stages precontemplation contemplation preparation action maintenance and termination
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Triadic dependent model of consultation
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The console t6 advice from an expert consultant about a third party the client may be an individual or group a family or an organization
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Collaborative dependent model of consultation
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Consulte still relies on the consultant for help while both parties contribute their unique background and skills to resolve the problem an example could be a teacher working with a school counselor to improve the behavior of a student who is being disruptive in class
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Collaborative interdependent model of consultation
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Ideal for addressing problems that are intricate and involve the larger society no expert is part of the model everyone who participates in the consultation process holds equal a thority and depends on the others for their specialized knowledge
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Client-centered case consultation
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Developed by Kaplan and Kaplan 1993 the consultant assesses and diagnoses the client in order to help the consultee develop a plan for dealing with the clients issues
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Consultee centered case consultation
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Developed by Kaplan and Kaplan this model focuses on remediating the professional functioning of a consultee in order to improve client functioning this is based on helping the consulte handle the difficulties presented by a particular client
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Program center administrative consultation
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Developed by Kaplan and Kaplan the consultant then works with a consultee or an organization to develop an action plan to resolve an issue this is mainly an organisational consultant process regarding a new program or specific part of the organizational functioning
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Consulte center administrative consultation
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The consultant works to improve the professional functioning and problem solving skills of employees within an organization
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Behavioral consultation model
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Developed by Bergen and crafts such will 1990 based on operant conditioning and involves a collegial relationship between the consultant in the console p this is an authority figure who is sam primary responsibility for the outcome of the consultation there is a four step process problem identification problem analysis plan implementation and problem evaluation
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Five factor model
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Evidence-based model of personality referred to as the Big Five can remember it by the acronym ocean includes openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness and eroticism
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Openness
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People with a high degree of openness often have rich imagination a strong awareness of their emotions intellectual curiosity and the desire to seek out new experiences and ideas
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Neuroticism
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People with neuroticism are often emotionally imbalanced anxious or depressed they frequently have trouble coping with stress and experience negative moods
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Basic counseling skills
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Attending questioning reflecting paraphrasing summarizing empathetic understanding confronting interpreting self-disclosure feedback and giving information
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Psychodynamic theory
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Often referred to as the first force in counseling concerned with explaining the psychological forces that drive human behavior in particular the interaction between people's conscious and unconscious motivations
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Sigmund Freud
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Considered the father of cycle analyst 1856 to 1939 based on his belief that psychological disorders stem from people's unconscious conflicts and repressed desires
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Conscious mind
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Heart of 48 Siri the conscious mind is aware of everything occurring in the present
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Preconscious mind
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Part of Freud's theory combines characteristics of both the conscious and unconscious mind for example although the pre conscious mind contains forgotten memories and vast stores of knowledge and information with assistance or cues they can easily be recalled
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Unconscious mind
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The most nebulous part of the person's mind it contains memories instincts and drives that are exceedingly difficult to bring to a person's conscious awareness
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The id
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Present from the time of birth and operates on the pleasure principle resides in the person's unconscious it's considered the unprincipled selfish part of the personality
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The ego
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Operates on the reality principle and balances the id in the superego well mainly in the conscious part of the mind it exists to keep the person from being either to self indulgent indulgent or to morally restrained the logical rational part of the personalities about the person to function effectively in society
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The superego
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Operates on the morality principle the superego also exist in the unconscious like the EDD it's the inner voice that are just people to do the right thing and always expect perfection children develop the superego on the basis of interactions with their parents and societal norms
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Transference
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Occurs when a client brings feelings from the past relationship into the counseling relationship often transferring this feelings onto the clinician
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Free association
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Helps plants to decrease their self since the censorship which they think helps the clients come closer to exploring the unconscious drives in their id they are encouraged to speak about early life memories without syncing us to say anything that occurs to them no matter how absurd
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Manifest content
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The symbolism in dreams with meaning that is easily perceived
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Latent
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The symbolism in dreams it is harder to understand and interpret free considered them dreams to be the royal road to the unconscious he believed that dreams represent unmet wishes and desires
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Ego psychology
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Anillo Freudian approach developed by Heinz Hartmann he believed that the ego could act independently free from the edge and superego under favorable conditions ego psychologist help people whose Eagles have become conflicted by Dr and desires adapt to their environment through resolving these conflicts leading to a more autonomous ego major contributors work Anna Freud edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler
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Interpersonal psychoanalysis
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Developed by Henry stack Sullivan contends that people's mental disorders stem from dysfunctional patterns of interpersonal interactions analysis help clients by exploring their interpersonal relationships and their relationship with the analysis analyst in the hopes of finding explanations for their disorder it is more focused on present. Interaction patterns rather than events from the past
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Object relations
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Maintains that people's personalities are developed through early parent-child interactions. Healthy personality development is dependent on satisfying interpersonal relationships an object relations theory objects or people or things that mean a child need major major contributors are wrd fairbarn Otto kernberg Melanie Klein Margaret Miller and DW Winnicott
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Splitting
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When children see objects in black and white such as all good or all bad they're unable to move past these polarities to integrate the complexity of human behavior this negatively affects their psychological health and ability to form relationships part of object relations
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Self psychology
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Developed by Heinz Kohut asserts that psychological disorders result from unsatisfying developmental needs this is a neo Freudian approach
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Individual psychology
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Developed by Alfred Adler 1870 to 1937 based around the core belief that healthy individuals have social interest and compassion for other people all the lyrics view of human nature is highly optimistic and holistic he believes that all individual strive to become successful and eddies person strives for growth
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Inferiority complex
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Part of a.d. Lyrics believe he said that people develop an inferiority complex which affects their ability to live healthy socially interested in goal-directed lives
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Superiority complex
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Easier to sell it when early parent-child relationship or overly critical or there are physical limitations or disabilities mental limitations or disabilities or socioeconomic barriers
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Phenomenological philosophy
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Adler's philosophy asserted that it was not merely early events that influence a person's lifestyle but rather that person's perception of those events
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Fictions
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Adler's theory dance fictions are people's beliefs about themselves and others that are false people who are defined by sections often lead unhealthy lifestyle
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Lifestyle analysis
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Adler's interview of clients about early life memories perceptions of relationships with parents and siblings family dynamics and their experiences in school and society
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Encouragement
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Adler's technique or by the counselor conveys to clients his or her beliefs and conviction that the client can make important lifestyle changes
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Acting as if
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Adler technique encouraging the client to act as if they are confident in themselves or act the way they want to end up cancers usually start with small tasks for their clients and work up to larger ones
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Asking the question
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Adler technique similar to the miracle question asking the client how their life would be different if they were well or if things were the way they wanted them to be sure the client if they have the ability to change their life
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spitting in the client's soup
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Adler technique that points out certain client behavior so that the behavior is no longer seen as desirable to the client
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Catching oneself
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Illyrian counselors encourage clients to use the technique of catching one so when they are engaged and behaviors that are perpetuating you're presenting problems help the client gain an awareness of their self-defeating thoughts and behaviors and gives them responsibility for creating change in their life
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Push button technique
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Alien techniques used to teach clients they play a role in maintaining their problems client instructed to do have control over how they respond to you perceive and recollect people and events they are shown that the availability to pay attention to either negative or positive thoughts memories and experiences
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Jungian psychology
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Created by Carl Gustav Jung 1875 1961 was a follow up for it but eventually broke ties with 48 after disagreements over some of the central tenants his purpose was to focus on the role of the larger culture spirituality dreams and symbolism in understanding the human psyche bleedin individuation the process of discovering ones true inner self or psychological growth
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Personal unconscious and collective unconscious
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The personal unconscious is a jungarian terms sentiment synonymous with friends unconscious it is unique to the individual and includes information that it one time had been conscious but has been forgotten or repressed can be uncovered for dream analysis collective unconscious is more complex it is not you need to individual but rather shared by the entire human race resides within the collective unconscious or archetype sore overarching human tendencies which are important for every person to become aware of so that they can become whole in individuated
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Archetype
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Union Sickology these are inherent template for human thought and behavior some of the most prominent archetype are the self the persona the shadow the anema and the anema other archetype such as the child the mother the father the family the wise old man the trickster and the hero
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Self
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Contains the conscious and unconscious aspects of a person and is the primary archetype in jungarian psychology
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The persona
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Can be thought of as the psychological masks that all humans where it allows people to change their behavior depending on the social situation allows people to disguise their true self to adapt to new situations and function appropriately in society jungarian
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The shadow
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Characterizes the repressed or unknown aspects of each person is the part of the cell for the person does not want to acknowledge or accept. jungarian
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The anema
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Comprises female traits that exist in the collective unconscious of men. jungarian.
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The anemus
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Comprised of male traits that are inherent in women anemia and then we must exist in all people and as with their shadow people must reconciled and connect with them to avoid projecting them in on to others. jungarian
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Complexes
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People develop a complex or more than one complex as a result of repressed thoughts and desires I'm alternating in the unconscious according to Jung complexes revolves around an archetype. jungarian
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explication
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jungarian technique used in dream analysis to determine the reason why certain objects appeared in their dreams. jung did not believe as frued did the images and dreams have hidden symbolism he believes that an object in a dream is exactly what it appears to be and it is important to discover why the unconscious chose a specific
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Amplification
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jung use this technique to help understand images and dreams to amplify name is young compared the dreamers images 2 stories your images and missed period Hills literature are in folklore
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Active imagination
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Require clients to actively talk to the characters in their dreams Jung used this technique
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Existential
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Developed by Viktor Frankl and Rollo may concerned with helping clients. Meaning and value in their lives to explore philosophical concepts such as life death freedom and responsibility believe that people have free will
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Logotherapy
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Developed by Viktor Frankl focusing on individual search for meaning in their lives believe that people could find meaning in their lives through a cheese mint or creation suffering and experiencing and appreciating people in the world around them without meeting clients experience an existential vacuum logotherapy is the process of helping plant identifier seek meaning in their lives Frankel is a holocaust survivor
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Existential dilemmas
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Developed by urban Yalom 1980 propose that most individuals issues stem from facing certain Givens in life no one is essential dilemmas including death freedom and responsibility with great freedom comes great responsibility isolation aloneness is central to the human experience individuals cannot rely on others to make life decisions for them and meaning lessness dividual to meet me he seek to create meaning of their lives are constantly searching to answer existential questions such as human mind
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Gestalt therapy
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Created by Fritz Perls to fill a void in the field of psychology Gestalt in relation to human nature is the organization of facts perceptions behavior or phenomena
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The holistic doctrine
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Created by pearls believed that the mind body connection is paramount and key to clients improvement and self understanding a client's physical movement detector mannerism may be connected to something occuring mentally and emotionally. also used psychodrama.
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Contact down
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Pro believe in the salt psychology that a person makes contact and interacts with his or her environment or field essential to the understanding of the person psychologically healthy person has the ability to make positive contact with the environment and positive withdrawals pearls described unfinished business business as the past which remains in the present
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Gestalt techniques
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Includes here and now therapy couraging clients to discuss only what is bothering them in the present moment psychodrama helping clients understand their internal conflicts achieved by having clients play a variety of roles simultaneously an empty chair to facilitate the dialogue between the client and another individual it gets told counselor is a facilitator
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Narrative therapy
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Developed by Michael White davil David Epson concerned with how individuals re author their lives some people create self. Is that are harmful and detrimental to their well being there called problem saturated story dominant narrative or cultural customs that adversely affect a person's life such as texted him races in the deep
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Thin thick descriptions
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Pretty married if therapy then description or self narrative this one that is imposed on a person by society the individual than internalized is it conversely a sick description is more complex in detail than involves clients interpretations of themselves and the labels put on them by
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Problem externalization
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Part of narrative therapy this is when a client pues their problems as it Nate and hard to alter narrative therapy strive to help clients distance themselves from their problems we construct their stories and rid themselves as undesirable narrative
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Unique outcome
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Part of narrative therapy similar to solution solution focused therapy when the therapist help clean seek unique outcomes for asking claims to identify times when their problems were not present or with less pronounced
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Narrative techniques
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Include using outside Witnesses this is when the client tells their story in a definitional ceremony and outside witnesses form an audience witnesses are given opportunities comment on what they heard therapeutic letters are written by narrative following sessions
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General systems theory
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Developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy provides a basic framework for understanding the interactions and issues that occur within a family system families are viewed as complex organized systems with each member influencing and being influenced by other members a concept known as circular causalty
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bowen family systems therapy
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Include differentiation of self people's ability to separate themselves from their families of origin without cutting themselves off triangles nuclear family emotional system meaning we are attracted to people with the same level of differentiation we have the family projection process when undifferentiated parents protect their tension and anxiety on to their children multigenerational transmission process emotional cutoff sibling position societal regression occurs when society is experiencing too much stress they tend to regress levels of differentiation techniques in this include back home visits and de triangulation
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Symbolic experiential family therapy
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Created by Carl Whitaker to help families strike a balance between independence and togetherness and learn how to interact with each other in a meaningful and natural way while moving away from the tendency to behave in the same monotonous patterns that led to the dysfunction
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Human validation process model
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Created by Virginia Virginia sit here leading the Nate goodness of humans their desire to grow and learn and their ability to change similar to crawl roger she was warm and created a safe welcoming environment she focused attention on how family members communicate with one another and with label them playcaters blamers intellectual izers distractors.
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Strategic family therapy
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Developed by Milton Erickson strategic family therapists are active during sessions and strive to quickly identify the presenting problem in an active strategy to resolve it process involves four step defining the problem asking family members to discuss what they have done to try to solve the problem themselves establishing the goal of counseling for the family and developing a strategy to help the family reach its goal.
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MRI interaction of family therapy
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Developed by Jay Haley at the mental Research Institute and here's to many of the same principles as general system theory including family rules homeostasis and circular casualty also includes quid pro quo refers to the propensity of individuals to treat others as they themselves are treated the redundancy principle family members 10 to interact with each other in the same way as unusual for those patterns of behavior to change punctuation refers to the conviction by individuals with her verbal communication especially during a conflict occurs in reaction someone else and symmetrical relationship complementary relationship matching color between equals complementary or between and equals one down one up
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Milan systemic family counseling
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also called laundry therapy counselors do not comply with him he request to meet more frequently than once a month they also use positive connotations which is similar to relabeling and reframing paradox which is agame family members play to exert control over one another counter paradox with family members not to change too quickly and helps the family a boyfriend Justin counselor techniques include circular questioning hypothesizing neutrality and ritual prescriptions paradoxical assignments
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Integrated counselling approach
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The work of Frederick born early proponent of using multiple counseling theories said that no single counseling theory and comfort is all elements primary 8 is to integrate multiple elements includes technical integration cancers use techniques from a wide range of series theoretical integration cancer Scorpio and blending techniques and strive to combine two or more series a similar to integration counselor sit here to one primary theater theoretical approach common factors approach which cancers use factors coming across all theoretical
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Multimodal therapy
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Created by Arnold Lazarus remember basic ID behavior affect sinsations imagery cognitions interpersonal relationships and drugs biological function nutrition and exercise determine which domain the client thinks they need the most assistance with can also use bridging which is approaching with a behavioral approach to strengthen the therapeutic alliance another technique is the firing sequence to find out what led to the stress event you start with C - the - cognition then go to - imagery - effect - behavioral responses and ultimately distress so its C I a b
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Donald Keat
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Adapted the work of multimodal therapy for use with children muse is the acronym helping which stands for health emotions learning personal imagery need to know guidance of ABC's to indicate the same 7 modalities as the basic id
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JL Moreno
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Created the theater of spotting at the earliest form of psychodrama it take me to bring about mental and emotional catharsis for the purses purpose of tension relief he also organized the first Society of group therapist the American Society for group psychotherapy and psychodrama and first coined the term group psychotherapy
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S r slavson
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Founded the American group psychotherapy Association 1942 our productivity therapy for children and reported that group activity sessions were equally as effective as individual counseling his group treatment procedures for children and adolescents resulted in the introduction of group counseling in schools
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Joseph Pratt
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Establish the first group experience that was not intended specifically for cycle educational or occupational purposes he was an internist and youth groups to save time and educating and supporting patients with tuberculosis
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Jesse Davis
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School principal in Grand Rapids Michigan introduced group work in a school setting in 1907 Davis emphasized the use of a group as effective environment for teaching life skills and values
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Kurt Lewin
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30 group dynamics and has been credited with the invention of train groups or tea groups in the 1960's and 19 seventies his research resulted in the identification of predictable stages of group work and specific change markers for individual clients
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Marathon group
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Came into prominence during the 19 seventies marathon group members met together for an extended period of time usually between 24 and 48 hours members were expected to become more I sent a can engage in true self disclosure
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Reality distortion
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Occurs when the group provides an example of social reality that is not achievable in the outside world
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yaloms curative factors or therapuetic factors
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Installation of Hope, universality, imparting of information, altruism, family reenactment, development of socialization techniques, imitative behavior, interpersonal learning, group cohesivness, catharsis, existential factors
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American group psychotherapy Association
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Interdisciplinary organization promoting research and practice in group psychotherapy for individuals with mental disorders
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American Society of group psychotherapy and psychodrama
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Founded by JL Marino promote standards and training research and practice in psychodrama sociometry and group psychotherapy
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National Training laboratory
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Uses luanne approach to organizational leadership and change offer certificate programs for business professionals in a Masters Degree in organizational development
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Tavistock Institute
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Provides interdisciplinary training in group dynamics and leadership coaching for businesses yeah
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Jean esquirol
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Use language development to identify varying levels of intelligence his work is considered the forerunner of verbal IQ he is also credited with recognizing that mental retardation was related to you develop mental deficiencies rather than mental illness
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Edward Seguin
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Developed the form board which improves the motor skills of individuals with mental retardation the form board with consider the predecessor of IQ testing
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Sir Francis Galton
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Biology is credited with launching the testing movement he developed the first test of intelligence he also developed the correlation coefficient
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William wundt
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Founded one of the first psychological laboratories to conduct experimental research
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James cattell
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Was one of the first to apply statistical concepts to psychological assessment he popularized the term mental test
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Hermann ebbinghaus
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Study human memory and is well known for his work on the forgetting curve administered mental test to school aged children and was able to show that his sentence completion cuss words related to scholastic achievement
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Arthur Otis
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Goodbye's the first scientifically a reliable measure for testing the intelligence of individuals and groups called the Otis Group Intelligence Scale
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Robert Yerkes
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Used edit this group intelligent instruments developed the Army Alpha an army beta group intelligence test army also was designed to screen the cognitive ability of military recruits army bado with the language free version of the test design for recruits and could not read or write or where foreign born
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Charles Spearman
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And LL Thurston developed a statistical test known as the factor analysis which led to the development of multiple aptitude
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James Bryant Conant
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In conjunction conjunction with ETS about the Scholastic Aptitude Test you believe to test with decreased disparity and I'm social classes and created equal opportunity and education
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Edward Thorndike
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Develop the first achievement test battery the Stanford achievement test or sath provided an objective measure of academic performance and could be administered to large groups of students
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Robert sessions Woods worth
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Develop with worth personnel data sheet and emotional stability screening test for ww1 military recruits was the first standardized personality inventory
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Starke Hathaway and Charnley McKinley
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Develop the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory or MMPI the MMPI is the most widely used to identify and diagnose psychopathology
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Carl Jung, Herman rorchach and Henry Murray
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Developed projective techniques. jung word associations, rorchach inkblots and Murrays somatic a perception test to assess personality
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Theory of career decision making
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Hitman and O'Hara 1963 descriptive approach that proposes two stages of career decision making anticipating a choice is the first stage the second stage is adjusting to the choice
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Anticipating a choice
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Part of his men and O'Hara's theory of career decision making includes exploration and individuals try out new behaviors and fantasize about different careers crystallization individuals evaluate the advantages and disadvantages choice choice is made in individuals may feel confident or unsure about the decision specification individuals reassessed their decision and clarify options
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Adjusting to the choice
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Part of PETA minute nose hairs theory of career decision making describes the process of implementing the decision chosen in stage 1 includes three phases induction implementation of career choice Reformation a result of implementing the decision individuals adjust to new situations and people and integration individuals become comfortable and familiar with the new environment
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Conflict model of decision making
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Janice in man 1977 theory proposes five patterns people use to cope with stress I'm conflicted adherence person ignores the stress I'm conflicted change person accepts career options that are suggested are provided without questioning defensive avoidance course in this case the conflict by putting decision-making responsibilities on others hypervigilance impulsivity impulsively chooses a decision that will bring immediate relief vigilance person weighs the costs and benefits of each alternative there are three anticedent conditions a wareness of serious risks associated with preferred alternatives be hope for finding a better alternative and see you believe that one has adequate time to search and evaluate alternatives
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Gelato decision making model
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1962 it is prescriptive the model holds that all decisions have similar qualities rejoice has two or more possible courses of action the individual mice rashly analyze information to predict the outcome of his or her behavior the individual must recognize a decision needs to be made collect data and serve a possible courses of action and finally determined possible outcomes and apply a prediction in value system to analyze the outcomes and finally making a choice which could be terminal a final decision
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Cognitive information processing approach
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Created by Peterson Samson and reared in 1991 also Peterson at all 2002 talks about how individuals make a career decision but also need to understand how the way they think influences the decision making process the model is referred to as the Pyramid of information processing the first is the knowledge domain this domain parallel straight and factor theory the second domain is decision-making skills domain which encompasses the cognitive skills individuals need to effectively process information relating to themselves in the world of work these skills are referred to as Cassidy munication analysis and desist valuing and execution the third and final domain is the executive processing domain refers to the higher-order metacognitive function of reflecting on the crew decision making process includes internal self talk self awareness and temporal monitoring and control function
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Integrative life planning career decision making or I ll P
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Developed by Hanson 1997 2001 2011 it is a holistic career approach assist individuals and explain how their work is intertwined with other life roles. 6 life tasks finding work that needs doing in a changing global context attending the physical mental and emotional how connecting family and work valuing pluralism inclusivity exploring matters of spirituality and life purpose and managing personal transitions in organizational change
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Social learning theory
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John crumbles 1976 social learning theory is concerned with teaching clients how to implement career decision making techniques in their own lives crumpled propose that for determine its influence people's career choices genetic endowment very mental conditions and events instrumental an associative learning experiences instrumental being when a person's behavior leads to a consequence and observational is what they watch or see through media and finally task approach skills how an individual approaches and deals for the task problem or challenge
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Plan happenstance
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Mitchell Evan and crumbled 1999 can lead to open mindedness and an increase in career options and opportunities counselor should help normalize plan happenstance assist clients to transform curiosity into opportunities he declines to produce desirable chance events and teach clients to overcome block to action
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Social cognitive career theory
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Brown and lent found that one's beliefs in his or her ability to complete tasks and accomplish goals plays a significant role in vocational interest its rooted in Bandar is social cognitive theory and considered to be reciprocal triadic model that emphasizes self-efficacy believe I'll come expectations and personal goals. Includes personal factors genetic predisposition section as necessity proximal factors including current circumstances that directly impact career choice and finally in contextual factors related to culture family and will expectations
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Rose personality development in occupational classification
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Rooted in Freud's work ro develop this in 1957 talked about how interactions between children and their parents are influential and career development parental attitudes concentration on the child includes over protection or over demanding avoidance of the child rejection and neglect acceptance of the child casual acceptance permissive but offers minimal love and loving acceptance this is a two-dimensional classification system that comprises eight groups and six levels eight groups are service business contact organizational technology outdoor science general culture and arts and entertainment the six occupational levels are professional and managerial one professional in managerial to semi professional and small business skilled semi skilled and unskilled
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Constructivism
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Psychological perspective that proposes that individuals construct their own realities and truths
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Personal constructs psychology
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Based on the work of George Kelly 1955 theory states that individuals develop constructs to understand how the world works and to anticipate events construction made up of two bipolar. Happy vs sad vocational constructs system assist individuals and finding purpose it work if valuating career decisions and tasks in developing a sense of identity through work
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Narrative career counseling
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Focuses on the stories of individual flies rather than on their personal constructs system based on the work of Cochran 1997 the narrator of the story is referred to as the agent there is a setting or settings in which the story occurs an action that is designed to reach a goal and an instrument personal abilities employer or family problems in the cruise story arise when any of these things do not match so the instruments and goals do not match or the actions and goals do not match
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Career construction theory
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CIVICUS 2005 the postmodern narrative approach to career counseling. Maintain that individuals construct their cruise by imposing meaning of vocational behaviour
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Chaos theory of
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Drive from block 2005 suggested careers should instead be conceptualized using a non-linear logic bright prayer and Hartman 2005 beltline how these principles relate to kids career development complexity chaos theory of knowledge is that individuals live in an increasingly complex world non-linearity due to the complexity of our world individuals career trajectories are non-linear unpredictability much lik krumboltz, chaos theory stresses emergence individuals underlying pattern can still emerge to an individual's career it's important for individuals to examine past experiences
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Maximal performance
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Achievement and aptitude tests are measures used to test maximal performance
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Typical performance test
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Concerned with went characteristic or normal preference personality measurements assess a client's typical personality characteristics
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Larry P vs riles
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Will be at schools have used by US intelligence test which led to an over representation of African American children and in programs for educational mental retardation as a result counselors must provide written documentation that demonstrates the use of non-discriminatory and valid assessment tool
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Diana vs California State Board of Education 1973 1979
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This case was settled out of court and requires that schools provide tests to students in their first language as well as in English to limit linguistic bias
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Sharif vs New York state educational department
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Ruled that SATs scores alone could not be used to determine scholarship awards
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Griggs vs Duke power company 1971
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Rule that assessments used in job hiring and promotion process must be job related
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Bakke vs Regents of the University of California 1978
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Barred the use of quota systems for minority admission procedures in US colleges and universities
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Soroka at all vs Dayton Hudson company 1991
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The case was settled out of court then appeals court ruled that the use a pre-employment psychological screening assessments is an invasion of candidate privacy
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Validity
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refers to how accurately an instrument measures a given construct the way did he is concerned with what instrument measures how well it does so and the extent to which meaningful inter inferences can be made from the instruments results
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Validity
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Refers to how accurately an instrument measures that given contract solidity should always be reported in terms of the specific test purpose and target population
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Content validity
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The extent to which an instrument content is appropriate to its intended purpose for instance if an instrument is supposed to measure depression then it should measure depression
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Criterion validity
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Indicates the effectiveness of an instrument in predicting an individual's performance on a specific criterion . Base the two types of criterion validity are concurrent validity and predictive validity
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Concurrent validity
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Send with the relationship between instruments results and another currently obtainable criterion
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