Cp111 Vitamins And Minerals

Front 1

What is the fx of vitamin C?

Back 1

1) Co-factor for rxns involving copper reduction,
2) Antioxidant,
3) Augment response to infection & stress,
4) Required for collagen synthesis & healthy blood walls.

Front 2

What is the fx of vitamin B6?

Back 2

1) Hemoglobin synthesis,
2) Nomralization of Blood glucose,
3) Proper fx of Nervous & Immune systems,
4) Protein & Erythrocyte metabolism

(Hint: HN, PNi, PE)

Front 3

What is the fx of vitamin B12?

Back 3

1) Maintain healthy nerve cells,
2) Maintain RBCs,
3) DNA synthesis

Front 4

What is the fx of Folate?

Back 4

1) Helps produce & maintain new cells --> v. important during infancy, for pregnant women and when breastfeeding!
2) RNA/DNA synthesis,
3) RBC production,
4) Homocysteine metabolism

(Folate is for making new things)

Front 5

What is the fx of Calcium?

Back 5

1) Growth and maturation
2) Clotting
3) Muscle contraction
4) Nerve transmission
5) Provide the matrix for bone & teeth

Front 6

What is the fx of Iron?

Back 6

1) Oxygen transport,
2) Regulation of cell growth & differentiation.

Front 7

What are the symptoms of a Vitamin C deficiency?

Back 7

Scurvy: degenerative alterations in bone, capillaries, and connective tissue

Front 8

What are the symptoms of a Vitamin B6 deficiency?

Back 8

(Rare deficiency in the US)
1) Glossitis,
2) Confusion,
3) Convulsions,
4) Anemia,
5) Neuropathy,
6) Depression,
7) N/V

(Think GCC and NV)
(also, remember that B6 is for anemics...B12 is for nerve issues)

Front 9

What are the symptoms of a Vitamin B12 deficiency?

Back 9

(mostly neuro symptoms)
1) Tingling/numbness in hands and feet,
2) Confusion,
3) Poor memory,
4) Dementia,
5) Nerve damage - sometimes irreversible

Front 10

What are the symptoms of a Folate deficiency?

Back 10

1) Anemia,
2) Elevated homocysteine,
3) With pregnant women: VLBW infants and neural tube defects

Front 11

What are the symptoms of a Iron deficiency?

Back 11

1) Feeling tired,
2) Difficulty maintaining body temperature,
3) Poor work performance,
4) Decreased immunity,
5) Glossitis

Front 12

What is the #1 nutritional disorder in the world?

Back 12

Iron, 80% are iron deficient and 30% are anemic

Front 13

What vitamin(s) and mineral(s) deficiency is glossitis an indication for?

Back 13

B6 and Iron

Front 14

What vitamin(s) and mineral(s) deficiency is anemia an indication for?

Back 14

B6, Iron and Folate

Front 15

What are some adverse events for Vitamin C?

Back 15

1) if over 2 g/day, can cause GI discomfort and diarrhea,
2) if over 1 g/day, can increase risk of kidney stones

Front 16

What are some adverse events for Vitamin B6?

Back 16

1) Can cause nerve damage if UL (100mg) exceeded.

Front 17

What are some adverse events for Vitamin B12?

Back 17

The IOM states that "no adverse effects have been associated with excess vitamin B12 intake from food and supplements in healthy individuals"

Front 18

What are some adverse events for Folate?

Back 18

Masks B12 deficiencies (which can result in nerve damage if untreated), this is important in the elderly since they are more likely to be deficient of B12 rather than Folate.

Front 19

What are some adverse events for Calcium?

Back 19

Constipation and Kidney stones

Front 20

What are some adverse events for Iron?

Back 20

Iron overload where excess iron is stored in liver and heart,

Can be caused by:
1) Hemochromatosis
2) Frequent blood transfusions

Front 21

Who is at risk for Vitamin C deficiency?

Back 21

People with poor diet

Front 22

Who is at risk for Vitamin B6 deficiency?

Back 22

1) People with poor diet,
2) Alcoholics,
3) Patients on: Isoniazid, L-dopa, or Theophylline

Front 23

What vitamin are the following drugs contraindicated for: Isoniazid, L-dopa, or Theophylline?

Back 23

B6

Front 24

Who is at risk for Vitamin B12 deficiency?

Back 24

1) People with pernicious anemia, thereby lacking intrinsic factors,
2) People with gastric dysfunction, specifically Food-Cobalamin malabsorption,
3) Vegetarians,
4) up to 30% of adults over the age of 50

Front 25

Who is at risk for Folate deficiency?

Back 25

1) Pregnant women
2) Lactating women
3) Alcoholics
4) People w/folate malabsorption
5) Patients on kidney dialysis
6) People with Liver disease

Front 26

Who is at risk for Iron deficiency?

Back 26

Women that are:
1) of childbearing age
2) pregnant
3) with heavy menstrual losses
4) teenagers

Also,
5) Preterm and low birth weight infants,
6) People w/kidney failure

Front 27

Who is at low risk for Iron deficiency?

Back 27

Adult men and post-menstrual women

Front 28

What is the recommended DV for Vitamin C?

Back 28

DV = 60mg

Front 29

What is the recommended DV for Vitamin B6?

Back 29

DV = 2mg

Front 30

What is the recommended DV for Vitamin B12?

Back 30

DV = 6mcg

Front 31

What is the recommended DV for Folate?

Back 31

DV = 400mcg/day

Front 32

What is the recommended DV for Calcium?

Back 32

DV = 1000mg/day

Front 33

What is the recommended DV for Iron?

Back 33

DV = 18mg/day

Front 34

What is the recommended DRI and the UL for Vitamin C?

Back 34

Men = 90mg
Women = 75mg
UL = 2000mg

Front 35

What is the recommended DRI and the UL for Vitamin B6?

Back 35

Men = 1.3-1.7mg
Women = 1.3-1.5mg
UL = 100mg

Front 36

What is the recommended DRI and the UL for Vitamin B12?

Back 36

Men/Females = 2.4mcg
Pregnant = 2.6mcg
Lactation = 2.8mcg
UL = none established for healthy individuals

Front 37

What is the treatment for anemia from B12 deficiency?

Back 37

100mcg IM daily x 14 days

Front 38

What is the recommended DRI and the UL for Folate?

Back 38

Men/Women = 400mcg
Pregnant = 600mcg
Lactation = 500mcg
UL = 1000mcg

Front 39

What vitamins and minerals currently do not have ULs?

Back 39

Vitamins B12 and K

Front 40

What is the recommended DRI and the UL for Calcium?

Back 40

1000mg = premenopausal women, post-menopausal <65yrs old using estrogen, Adult males <50yrs old

1200mg = Males > 50yrs old

1500mg = Postmenopausal women not using estrogen and all women >65 yrs old

Front 41

What is the recommended DRI and the UL for Iron?

Back 41

Men = 8mg/day
Women = 8-18mg/day
Pregnant = 27mg/day
UL = 45mg/day

Front 42

What are the different forms of iron?

Back 42

Ferric Iron,
Ferrous Iron (-sulfate, -fumarate, -glucinate),
Heme iron (from red meat, fish, poultry)
Non-heme iron (from beans and lentils)

Front 43

What drug-drug interactions do you have to watch out for with Calcium?

Back 43

Tetracyclines,
Thyroid supplements,
Flouroquinolones,
Bisphosphonates

Front 44

Should calcium be take with or without food?

Back 44

Doesn't matter.

Front 45

Should iron be take with or without food?

Back 45

For maximum absorption, take w/o food unless it's orange juice (vit C helps with absorption)

Front 46

What are the two forms of Vitamin A?

Back 46

Retinol (active) and Carotenoids (precursor)

Front 47

What are the different forms of Vitamin D?

Back 47

D2 (ergocalciferol),
D3 (cholecalciferol)

Front 48

What are some common side effects of nontoxic iron supplementation?

Back 48

Black stool, constipation, and GI problems (i.e. nausea, abdominal pain)

Front 49

From where is vitamin K obtained?

Back 49

From normal diet and manufactured by intestinal bacteria

Front 50

What is the function of vitamin A?

Back 50

1) Forms and maintains teeth, skeleton, and soft tissue,
2) Needed for reproduction and breastfeeding,
3) Low light vision,
4) Beta-carotene: precursor for antioxidants and the vitamin,
5) Topical vitamin A helps increase procollagen and hyaluronic acid, good for skin

Front 51

What is the function of vitamin D?

Back 51

1) Bone health,
2) Facilitates calcium absorption from gut,
3) Maintains serum calcium and phosphate concentration,
4) May improve muscle strength and prevent falls

Front 52

What is the function of vitamin E?

Back 52

Antioxidant

Front 53

What is the function of vitamin K?

Back 53

1) Coenzyme in synthesis of proteins used in clotting and bone metabolism,
2) Vitamin K dependent clotting factors: II, VII, IX, and X, Protein C and S
3) Promote bone formation,
4) Reduce calcium excretion

Front 54

What are the symptoms for Vitamin A deficiency?

Back 54

Common: Dry eyes, Vision problems, Night blindness, More susceptible to infectious disease

Rare: Photophobia, Anorexia, Impaired taste and smell, Difficulty with equilibrium
(think PAID)

Front 55

What are the symptoms for Vitamin D deficiency?

Back 55

1) Evidence of increased risk of cancers,
2) Osteomalacia (adults; softness of bone),
3) Bone pain,
4) Muscle weakness,
5) Rickets (children)

Front 56

If a patient is deficient of Vitamin D, what supplement would you recommend?

Back 56

None, refer him/her to a doctor. Patient should not self-treat vitamin D deficiency.

Front 57

What are the symptoms for Vitamin K deficiency?

Back 57

1) Decreases bone density - Bone loss/fractures in pts with osteoporosis
2) Easy bruising,
3) Mucosal bleeding,
4) Splinter hemorrhages

(three bleeding, one bone)

Front 58

What are the adverse events of vitamin A?

Back 58

1) Birth defects - teratogenic,
2) Reduced bone mineral density - leading to osteoperosis and hip fractures,
3) Hepatic abnormalities
4) CNS disorders

Front 59

Who is at risk of vitamin A deficiency?

Back 59

1) Children or refugees from developing countries,
2) Children with diseases of the pancreas, liver, or intestines,
3) Excessive alcohol intake,
4) Strict dietary restrictions,
5) Zinc deficiency

Front 60

What are the DV, DRI, and UL of vitamin A?

Back 60

DV = 5000 IU/day
DRI (men) = 3000 IU/day
DRI (women) = 2300 IU/day
UL (men) = 10,000 IU/day
UL (pregnant) = 5,000 IU/day

Front 61

What are the adverse events of excess vitamin D in your system?

Back 61

Toxicity is rare and associated only with cholecalciferol dosages over 10,000 IU/day

Front 62

Who is at risk of vitamin D deficiency?

Back 62

1) Breastfed infants,
2) Adults > 50,
3) People with limited sun exposure,
4) Dark skin,
5) Obese (BMI > 30)
6) People with fat malabsorption

Front 63

What is the DV, DRI and UL of vitamin D?

Back 63

DRI (adults < 50) = 400-800 IU/day
DRI (adults > 50) = 800-1000 IU/day
DRI (elderly w/risk for hip fracture) = 1000-2000 IU/day
UL = 2000 IU/day

Front 64

What are some adverse events of vitamin K?

Back 64

Warfarin antagonist

Front 65

What are some adverse events of vitamin E?

Back 65

Doses over 400 IU/day may increase risk of dying (anti-platelet effect)

Front 66

Who is at risk of vitamin K deficiency?

Back 66

1) Long term antibiotic use,
2) Patients on TPN,
3) Prolonged starvation,
4) Newborns