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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Although the onset of a heart attack often appears suddenly and unexpectedly to those affected, the conditions that cause it are in many cases developed over a period of ten to twenty years or longer. coronary heart disease results from the blockage or the narrowing of the coronary arteries which supply blood containing oxygen and nutrients to the muscular tissues of the heart
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when there is a significant increase in the obstruction, sudden cardiac arrest or heart attack (myocardial infraction) involving damage to a portion of the heart muscle.
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you can fight it - how
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the progression of coronary heart disease can be delayed or prevented by controlling the "risk factor" these are the conditions and behaviors that may lead to this disease. it is the largest single killer in canada and the US
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Risk factors that cannot be controlled in a heart attack and stroke
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- Advance age
- gender - heredity |
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advancing age
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coronary heart disease rates increase with age
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gender
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coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in women after menopause
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Heredity
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there is an increased risk of coronary heart disease if a parent or sibling has experienced coronary heart disease before age 55 in men and/or 65 in women
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Risk factors that can be change in a heart attack and stroke
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- Cigarette Smoking
- high blood pressure (hypertension) - high blood cholesterol - triglycerides - lack of exercise - diabetes - obesity |
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Cigarette smoking
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even after many years of smoking, the body will begin to repair the damage to the coronary arteries when smoking is stopped
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high blood pressure (hypertension)
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for this reason, hypertension has been called the "silent killer."the higher the blood pressure, the greater the risk of stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and premature death
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high blood cholesterol
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low density lipoprotein (ldl), the so called "bad" cholesterol, delivers cholesterol to the body. the high - density lipoprotein (hdl), the good cholesterol, removes cholesterol from the blood stream
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triglycerides
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elevated levels of triglycerides can be reduced through lifestyle changes, particularly losing weight
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lack of exercise
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indicated as major risk factors for cardiovascular disease
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diabetes
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when the amount or concentration of sugar in the blood is found to be high, the diagnosis of diabetes is made
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obesity
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increase your risk of developing high blood pressure, stoke, and type II diabetes
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Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs or mini strokes)
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may precede a stroke when there is a temporary blockage of the blood supply to a part of the brain. the patient may have symptoms and signs of a stoke lasting from a few minutes up to approximately 24 hours. this is an important warning sign which must not be ignored. a person who experiences these problems for even a short time must seek medical attention immediately
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recognizing the signs and symptoms of a heart attack
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when many of us think of a heart attack, we see the classic scenario of a person either suddenly struck down and unconscious, or a person suffering from the pain often described as "an elephant sitting on the chest".
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some conditions to look for (heart attack)
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a mild aching sensation or discomfort or pressure in the center of the chest that increases with activity and diminishes at rest, can be symptoms of a heart attack. other symptoms may include weakness, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, and dizziness that last for more than ten minutes. these conditions can often be confused with heartburn or indigestion. pain may spread to the neck, shoulder, arms (especially the left arm), and jaw. be aware that not allof the signs/symptoms are present in every attack, especially if the person is diadetic or elderly.women tend to have less pronounced symptoms
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if he or she is having a heart attack ask the following questions
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- is the discomfort located in the center of the chest
- is it recurring - has it increased in intensity - does it get more intense with activity and then diminish with rest - is there numbness, pain or other uncomfortable sensations in one or both arms, the back, neck, or jaw - does the person exhibit a cold sweat and/ or unexplained shortness of breath - has it lasted longer than ten minutes |
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four steps vital to survival (heart attack)
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- phone first
- prompt CPR - defibrillation - Advance care |
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note (heart attack)
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in the vast majority of cases of out of hospital heart attacks and cradiac arrests, the stricken person's survival depends upon the quick action of a lay person who calls for emergency assistance and begins CPR. greater levels of efficiency and more lives will be saved when the person on the site can also provide the third step vital to survival, defibrillation
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blood borne pathogens - universal precautions
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pathogens are defined as any disease - producing micro - organism.
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blood borne pathogens - universal precautions part II
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while none of these have been documented as having been transmitted during the administration of CPR, blood - to - blood transmission is possible with these viruses if either the patient or the rescuer has the disease
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blood borne pathogens - universal precautions part III
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in every case, "universal precautions" must be followed whenever a rescuer is exposed to another person's bodily fluids. universal precautions refer to a method of infection control in which all human blood and other infectious materials are treated as if they are known to be infectious for HIV, HBV, HCV
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good Samaritan law
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while the laws vary amoung individual provinces and states, the basic idea is to provide legal protection to rescuers who come to the aid of others in a medical emergency. the general rule in order to qualify for this protection is that the rescuer should act prudently and perform only those rescue activities for which he or she has been trained
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one rescuer CPR - adult signs/symptoms
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- the person is unresponsive
- the person is not breathing normally |
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one rescuer CPR - adult emergency procedures/ first aid
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- establish unresponsiveness
- assess breathing, without moving patient - open airway reassess breathing, look, listen, feel - give 2 breaths - follow immediately with cycles of 30 chest compressions and breaths - continue CPR ratio of 30:2 allow chest to return to normal position after each compression |
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establish unresponsiveness
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if unresponsive phone first. activate EMS system. get automated external defibrillator - tap shoulder with moderate force. call loudly "are you ok" if no responce call 911 or zero
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assess breathing, without moving patient
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look, listen, feel. position patient log roll, support head and neck. 3 to 5 sec
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open airway reassess breathing, look, listen, feel
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head tilt - chin lift. not more than 10 sec
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give 2 breaths
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take about 1 second each watch for visible chest rise
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follow immediately with cycles of 30 chest compressions and 2 breaths
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your shoulders over middle of patient's chest, hands on lower sternum, between nipples, press hard, press fast, 1 1/2 to 2 inches, rate of 100 per min - CPR 1 cycle
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continue CPR ratio of 30:2. allow chest to return to normal position after each compression
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do this until patient moves, an AED is available , and/or emergency medical help arrives. when normal breathing is restored, place patient in recovery position if no head or spinal injuries are suspected. monitor carefully - 80 to 100 normal
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- note
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if your initial effort to ventilate an unresponsive person is unsuccessful, re-position the head and try again. if still unable to do so, attempt CPR
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CPR - Arrival of the second rescuer
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once begun, continue CPR until
- spontaneous circulation and breathing have been restored - resuscitation efforts are transferred to another who is properly qualified, and who continues basic life support efforts - care is transferred to a senior level of emergency medical professional - exhaustion makes further resuscitation efforts impossible, or the continuation of resuscitation places other lives in danger - if the rescuers are presented with a valid DNAR (do not attempt resuscitation) order - 4 to 6 min of no oxygen |
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operating the AED
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- turn on power
- attach device to patient - initiate analysis of heart rhythm - deliver shock, if indicated ---- open airway reassess breathing, look, listen,feel |
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60 second stroke screening
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- ask the person to smile, showing the teeth
- ask the person to close his eyes, extend his arms out in front and hold this position for 10 sec - repeat a simple phrase such as " the sky is blue in cincinnati." |
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stoke
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do not give anything to eat or drink
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Foreign body airway obstruction - conscious adult
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- partial obstruction (cough forcefully, do not interfere, treat as complete obstruction
- complete obstruction |
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when u approach the scene of an accident
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Ten second survey
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Ten second survey
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- initial evaluation
- be alert for possible neck or back injuries - who needs help first - ABC - determine patient's problem - notify ems - phone fast |
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INITIAL EVALUATION
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- the first two sec belong to you
- never give a life in an attempt to save a life - consider the cause of the problem |
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Be Alert for possible neck or back injuries
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do not move the patient unless there is immediate danger of further injury, or if it is necessary to provide emergency life-saving measures. remember it is not necessary for a patient to be lying down to check for normal breathing
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who needs help first
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open airway, restore breathing and circulation, stop bleeding, treat for traumatic shock. circumstances will dictate procedures
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ABC
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-responsiveness
- airway - normal breathing |
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notify EMS - phone fast
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if you establish unresponsiveness
- emergency medical - services system - phone fast |
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remember Universal Precautions
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to avoid coming in direct contact with another's blood or other potentially dangerous bodily fluids. wear PPE
- thoroughly wash hands and exposed areas of the NONABRASIVE SOAP AND WATER - disinfect the area and the cleaning equipment using a solution that is ONE PART HOUSEHOLD BLEACH TO TEN PARTS WATER |
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spinal injuries signs/symptoms
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- loss of consciousness as a result of head injury
- pain in the neck or back, which may radiate to the arms, ribs and down the legs - loss of sensation, numbness, tingling in the arms or legs - paralysis - loss of bladder or bowel control |
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wound/ bleeding
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- external bleeding
- severe bleeding |
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traumatic shock signs/symptoms
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- a change in mental state, such as confusion
- the nail beds will be pale.if the patient has light skin, it will be pale or bluish - the skin may be cool and sweaty - the pulse may be weak and rapid(usually over 110 beats per minute) - there may be nausea or vomiting - the person may complain of being dizzy or lightheaded |
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traumatic shock emergency procedures/ first aid
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- if there is a possibility of neck or back injuries, do not move the patient unless he is in danger of further injury or if necessary to administer urgently needed first aid
- do not add extra heat - elevate the feet of the patient at least 12 to 15 inches |
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fractures
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all dislocations and fractures require the prompt care of a physican
- if the patient is breathing and safe from further injury, move only if necessary for treatment - if the skin has been broken (open fractures) do not attempt to push the bone end back under the skin |
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AED
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8 yrs to 55 ib
- one shot per set - should be placed 2" from left ear - saves 70% |
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CPR performed
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on hard surface
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log roll
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4 people to do the log roll
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