Courtney Burtnett Micro 19

Front 1

What are the structural defenses of the nervous system?

Back 1

Bony structures surrounding the brain and spinal cord

CSF provides a cushion

Blood bran barrier

Immune response (immunologically privileged site, and microglia)

Front 2

What kind of normal biota are in the CNS and PNS?

Back 2

They both lack normal biota of any kind

Front 3

Signs and symptoms of meningitis?

Back 3

Headache

Painful stiff neck

Fever

Increased WBCs in CSF

Front 4

What is the gram reaction of Neisseria meningitidis?

Back 4

Gram negative diplococci

Front 5

What percentage is neisseria of all meningitis cases?

Back 5

25%

Front 6

Meningococcemia?

Back 6

Can occur with or without meningitis

Release of endotoxin in the blood cuasing cytokine release and vascular collapse

Front 7

Transmission of neisseria?

Back 7

Aerosolized respiratory droplets

Especially in families or people living in close quarters

Front 8

Who are the natural carriers of neisseria?

Back 8

Humans only

Front 9

Characteristics of neisseria meningitidis culture?

Back 9

Transparent non pigmented, non hemolytic colonies on chocolate blood agar

Front 10

What are the most useful specimens taken to diagnose neisseria meningitidis?

Back 10

Blood and CSF

Front 11

Prevention of neisseria meningitidis?

Back 11

Antibiotic prophylaxis of those who have significant exposure to it

Polyvalent vaccines to control outbreaks, travelers in hyperendemic areas or the immunocompromised

Front 12

Gram reaction of streptococcus pneumoniae (pnemococcus)?

Back 12

Gram positive diplococci

Front 13

Streptococcus pneumoniae culture is characterized by?

Back 13

Alpha hemolysis

Mostly diplococcal arranegement

A pronounced capsule

Front 14

Gram reaction of Haemophilus influenzae

Back 14

Small, sometimes pleomorphic, gram negative bacilli

Front 15

Habitat of haemophilus influenzae?

Back 15

Obligate parasites on the mucus membranes of humans and animal species

Front 16

What does Hib stand for?

Back 16

Haemophilus influenza type b capsular antigen

Front 17

H. Influenzae has both encapsulated and non-encapsulate strains. Which strain is the virulent one? Of that, which type is the most virulent?

Back 17

Encapsulated

B

Front 18

What kind of strain of H. Influenzae colonize the upper respiratory tract in virtually all individuals?And what can this cause?

Back 18

Non-encapsulated strains

Otitismedia, sinisitis, and bronchitis

Front 19

What is the pathway of the encapsulated strain of H. Influenzae?

Back 19

Enter via nasopharynx where they grow and make their way to the blood stream

From the blood they penetrate the meninges

Front 20

What is the treatment for H. Influenzae?

Back 20

Ampicillin or chloramphenical (but resistance is developing)

B lactamase resistant cephalosporings are used now.

Front 21

Prevention of H. Influenzae?

Back 21

Hib vaccine

Front 22

Gram reaction and characteristics of listeria monocytogenes?

Back 22

Gram positive pleomorphic bacterium

Non-spore former

Doesn't produce capsules

Motile

Front 23

What kind of environmental conditions is listeria resistant to?

Back 23

Heat

Drying

Salt

pH changes

Front 24

Where does listeria come from?

Back 24

Water

Soil

Plants

Gi tract of animals and humans

Front 25

Most cases of listeriosis has been associated with?

Back 25

Dairy products

Poultry

Meat

Front 26

Listeeriosis in health adults?

Back 26

Fever

Sore throat

Diarrhea

Front 27

Listeria in elderly immunocompromised, or neonates?

Back 27

Brain and meninges are affected

Septicemia

20% mortality rate

Front 28

Listeriosis in pregnant women and fetus?

Back 28

Disease is transmitted to fetus with the possibility of premature abortion and fetal death

Front 29

Treatment of listeriosis?

Back 29

Begin antibiotics as soon as it is suspected.

Ampicillin

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Erythromycin

Front 30

Prevention of listeriosis?

Back 30

Pasteurization

Proper washing and handling of foods

Front 31

Definition of meningoencephalitis?

Back 31

Inflammation of both brain and meninges

Front 32

Sympoms of cryptococcus neoformans?

Back 32

Headache

Nausea

Stiff neck

Front 33

Complications from cryptococcus neoformans?

Back 33

Headache

Mental changes

Coma

Paralysis

Seizures

Eye changes

Front 34

Treatment of cryptococcus neoformans?

Back 34

Amphotericin b + fluconazole

Front 35

Prevention for cryptococcus neoformans?

Back 35

No prevention

Front 36

What kind of fungus is coccidioides immitis?

Back 36

Dimorphic

Front 37

In the environment coccidioides immitis grows as a _________ and produces highly infectious _______________.

Back 37

Mold

Arthroconidia

Front 38

In the tissues coccidioides immitis grows as ______________.

Back 38

Spherules

Front 39

Where does coccidioides immitis most commonly occur in the USA and what is it usually called?

Back 39

Southwest

Valley Fever or San Joaquin Fever

Front 40

Symptoms of coccidioidomycosis?

Back 40

Cold-like symptoms: fever, cough, malaise

Front 41

Spherules of coccidioidomycosis are found in the examination of?

Back 41

Sputum, CSF, biopsies

Front 42

What is viral meningitis called?

Back 42

Aseptic meningitis becaue bacterial or fungal cells are not found in the CSF

Front 43

What are the viral pathogens of virap meningitis?

Back 43

Enteroviruses

Herpes simplex type 2

Chickenpox

HIV

Front 44

What are the two most common causes of neonatal meningitis?

Back 44

Streptococcus agalactiae

E. Coli

Front 45

What microorganisms cause meningitis?

Back 45

Neisseria meningitidis

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Haemophilu influenzae

Listeria monocytogenes

Cryptococcus neoformans

Coccidioides immitis

Viruses

Front 46

What are the two common causes of meningoencephalitis?

Back 46

Naegleria fowleri

Acanthamoeba

Front 47

Symptoms of Naegleria fowleri

Back 47

Initial symptoms are vague:

Repiratory distress

Headache

Lethargy

Sore throat

Stuffy nose

Progressive symptoms include:

Vomiting

Stiff neck

Mental confusion

Development of a camoa 3-5 days before thepatient dies

Front 48

How does naegleria fowleri occur?

Back 48

When the amoebae enters the nasal cavity and travels to the brain via the olfactory nerves

Front 49

Time period from initial contact to beginning of symptoms?

Back 49

2-3 days or as long as 7-15 days

Front 50

Cause of death from naegleria fowleri?

Back 50

Cardiorespiratory arrest

Pulmonary edema

Extensive damage along the tract of amebic invasion

Front 51

Treatment for naegleria fowleri?

Back 51

Amphotericin B

Sulfadiazine

Tetracycline

Front 52

Route of infection for acathamoeba?

Back 52

Pulmonary or cutaneous

Front 53

Symptoms of acathamoeba?

Back 53

Frontal headache

Seizures

Double vision

Front 54

Treatment for acathamoeba?

Back 54

Topically:

Miconazole

Propamidine

Neosporin

Front 55

Prevention of acanthaoeba?

Back 55

Use only sterile saline for contact lens

Front 56

Acute encephalitis is acquired from?

Back 56

Arboviruses

Herpes simplex virus

Jc virus

Front 57

How are arboviruses transmitted?

Back 57

By arthropods:

Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)

Easter Equine Encephalitis (EEE)

California Encephalitis

St. Louis Ecephalitis (SLE)

West Nile Encephalitis

Front 58

Symptoms of Toxoplasmma gondii?

Back 58

Most infections are benign.

Symptoms in infants:

Defects of the eye

fication

Hydrocephalus or microcephaly

Most infections are benign.Symptoms in infants:Defects of the eyeCerebral calcificationHydrocephalus or microcephalySymptoms in compromised adults:Lymphadenitis(fever, headache, splenomegaly, rash)CNS involvementEye lesionsSkin rash

Symptoms in compromised adults:

Cerebral calcificationHydrocephalus or microcephalySymptoms in compromised adults:Lymphadenitis(fever, headache, splenomegaly, rash)CNS involvementEye lesionsSkin rash

Lymphadenitis(fever, headache, splenomegaly, rash)

CNS involvement

Eye lesions

Skin rash

Front 59

Definitive host of toxoplasma gondii?

Back 59

Domestic cat

Front 60

Intermediate hosts of toxoplasma gondii?

Back 60

Birds

Humans

Domestic animals

Rats

Foxes

Bears

Front 61

Preenton of toxoplasma gondii?

Back 61

Avoid cat feces

Do not eat raw or undercooked meat

Front 62

Average incubation period of rabies?

Back 62

1-2 months

Front 63

Neurological symptoms of rabies?

Back 63

Agitation

Disorientation

Seizures/twitching

Hydrophobia

Coma

Death

Front 64

Smptoms of rabies during the prodromal stage?

Back 64

Fever

Nausea/vomiting

Headache

Front 65

Poliomyelitis is a naked virus which means it is resistant to what?

Back 65

Bile

Acid

Detergents

It is able to survive the gastric environment

Front 66

How is polio transmitted?

Back 66

Through wawter, food, hands, and objects contaminated with feces

Front 67

When is the outbreak of polio viruses the most common?

Back 67

Summer and fall

Front 68

Four possible outcomes of a poliovirus?

Back 68

Asymptomatic illness

Abortive poliomyelitis

Nonparalytic poliomyelitis (aseptic meningitis)

Paralytic polio

Front 69

Asymptomatic illness?

Back 69

This results if the viral infection is limited to the oropharynx and the gut

90% of all infection are of this type

Front 70

Abortive poliomyelitis?

Back 70

This is a non specific febrile illness occurring in approximately 5% of infected people.

Mimics GI infection

Symptoms are headache, fever, sore throat

Front 71

Nonparalytic poliomyelitis?

Back 71

Occurs in 1-2% of patients

The virus progresses into the CNS and meninges, causing back pain and muscle spasms as well as symptoms of the abortive type.

Front 72

Paralytic polio?

Back 72

Occurs in about 1% of patients

In this illness the virus spreads to theanterior horn cells of the spinal cord and motor cortex of the brain producing paralysis.

Front 73

Treatment for polio?

Back 73

No specific treatment except alleviating pain.

Physical therapy

Front 74

Prevention of polio?

Back 74

Salk vaccine: inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)

Sabin vaccine: oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)

Front 75

What is the causative agent of tetanus?

Back 75

Clostridium tetani

Front 76

How long is the incubation period for tetanus?

Back 76

Varies from a few days to weeks depending on the distanceof the primary wound from the CNS

Front 77

What neurotoxin does tetanus produce?

Back 77

Tetanospasmin

Front 78

Action of tetanospasmin toxin?

Back 78

The toxin is abosrbed into the peripheral neurons from the infection site.

It is transported withint the nerve to the presynaptic nerve terminals in the CNS.

There it blocks therelease of neurotransmitters for inhibitory synapses.

The end result of the toxin action is the unregulated excitatory synaaptic activity (spastic paralysis).

Front 79

Treatment of tetanus?

Back 79

Debridement of the primary wound.

Administration of penicillin.

Passive immunization with human tetanus antitoxin.

Front 80

Prevention of tetanus?

Back 80

Proper wound care.

Consistent vaccination program with tetanus toxoid (DPT vaccination)

Diptheria pertussis tetanus

Front 81

Causative agent of botulism?

Back 81

Clostridium botullinum

Front 82

Does clostridium botulinum grow in aerobic or anaerobic conditions?

Back 82

Anaerobic

Front 83

What are the symptoms of botulism?

Back 83

Weakness, dizziness, blurred vision, abdominal pain

Front 84

What is the treatment for botulism?

Back 84

Adequate ventilatory support

Use of multivalent botulinum antitoxin

Front 85

Prevention of botulism?

Back 85

Destruction of endospores in food products by proper canning.

Prevention of endospore germination by acid pH or storage at 4C.

Destroying the toxin in the food by heating for 20 minutes at 80C.