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238 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Huntington
Political Modernization |
institutions didn't undergo revolutionary change, why conservatism hasn't flourished. Lack social institutions to preserve
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Federalist No 10
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Madison
Factioning. contrary to rights of whole community. Counter factioning with a large and diverse republic. Need a strong, controlling govt. |
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Montesquieu
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Tyranny results when one branch of govt simultaneously holds the powers of another branch
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Federalist no 37
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Madison
Stability govt is essential but so is preservation of liberty so need them in their "due proportions" |
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Federalist no 47
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Madison
Counters Montesquieu's tyrannical interpretation. Argues he meant that departments ought to have no involvement what so ever in the acts of each other. He said Montesquieu actually supported system of checks and balances |
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Federalist No 48
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Madion
"power is of an encroaching nature" need to preserve "separate and distinct" qualities of branches Legislative branch will be greatest threat because in representative republic it over reaches the most (based on examples of state constitutions) |
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Federalist 51
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Madison
appropriate checks and balances and separation of powers "ambition must be made to counteract ambition" |
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Federalist 70
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Hamilton
deals with question of plural executive. Argues this tends to conceal faults and destroy responsibility. Wants strong, singular executive because quick and efficient |
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Federalist 78
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Hamilton
judicial branch will be the weakest because no Force or Will. Congress controls the money, President the military and Judicial branch relies of the two other institutions as source of power. |
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if unrestrained by external checks, individual will tyrannize over others.
natural rights of madisonian democracy not clearly defined "give all power to the many, they will oppress the few. Give all power to the few, they will oppress the many" - Hamilton No deep seated distrust of executive in federalist papers. Can't control sources of factions, so control their effects. Control minority tyranny with elections and majority with large diverse republic so they don't work together effectively. |
Dahl
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Sense of patriotism great in America and believe system superior to all others.
more equality of opportunity and less equality of result. |
Lipset - American Exceptionalism
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Anti-federalists see states as source of legitimacy for Constitution, noted United People. "states rights"
Framers don't see it that way. See it as a compound republic (Madison) where the federal govt and state govt split sovereignty. People will be freer under two levels of govt. Federal govt better at providing public goods and preventing races to the bottom in states. States don't loose that much sovereignty because federal govt can't set ceiling for state policies just a floor Worst federalization though is federalization over crime Only three enumerated federal crimes: counterfeiting currency, piracy on high sea, and treason. Through commerce clause alone fed created 3,000 federal crimes. Can't mount national police power like this. |
Sullivan - relationship between states and federal govts
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Claim that politics becoming more polarized but really it is just the elite.
Liberal Republicans and Conservative Democrats gotten scarce due to realignment of south so Republicans increasingly conservative. Media reflects the elite so shows polarization Growth more centrist and tolerant actually in public opinion even if electorate is centrist though voters can choose only among candidates on ballot and vote only on basis of issues that are debated people that participate in politics strong feelings about issues old time part machines disappeared and replaced by advocacy groups more intensely concerned with issues problem is that if one side locates away from center is electorally punished but if both do electorate has to choose between extremes. culture war and polarized america myth - exists only in the elite |
Fiorina
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American dream: inflinite possibility, limitless resources. everyone regardless of background shares it. however contains no provision for failure. If lose and can't win, no one is convinced because don't listen to losers.
Always trying to achieve success may cause cheating, evasion of responsibility etc |
Hocheschild
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Participation in presidential declined 1/3 in last 35 years
Conventional reasons for poor turnout: registration hurdles and disenfranchisement and Jim Crow laws. However, even after Voting Rights Act and Civil Rights Act still net decline in voting. Non voters: growing distrust in govt, declining party mobilization, fraying social bonds, political dealignment Parties more professional and commercialized Financial capital replacing social capital (mass marketing for grass roots networks) More activities depend on each other, greater decline in participation. Individual participation falling slowest Eruption from 1960s to 1990s of letterheads not grassroots participation. Showing up not as much. Mail list memberships with tertiary memberships (where no one ever meets) active involvement collapsing More educated now but participating less. Surprising because usually increase in education gives skills and resources that sparks civic participation |
Putnam
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Gaps between rich and poor increasing. Especially since 1970s, rich more so.
Less advantaged vote less because lack skills, motivation and networks. Campaigns more expensive so need to be dependent on campaign contributors and therefore do them more favors. Skewed participation ensure govt officials disproportionately respond to business, wealthy and organized |
Dulio
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Party base most committed and intense: first line support, money, and ideology.
GOP more conservative after realignment. Important for recruiting and show up for primaries. Organizational resources from labor unions and mass memberships declined and campaigns more expensive so rely on bases. In primaries base rules GOP increasingly conservative parties don't compete to capture broad battlegrounds anymore, just contested territory and try and take out of contention for future Worry less about swing voter with leads to ideological extremism |
Hacker and Pierson
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Interest group liberalism: optimistic about factioning. Use govt in positive expansive role.
Used in Federal policies after 1960s participation, cooperation or multi interest administration. "creative federalism" Assumings that system build on groups self corrective, but weak assume people belong to multiple groups that are overlapping memberships that ensures competition because no perfect competition in real life Interest group liberalism may lead to "stability" by spreading representation but expense of flexibility, democratic forms and legitimacy |
Lowi - interest group liberalism
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age of me first factionalism: every issue has competing pressure group
Separation of powers multiply points where interest groups can lobby |
Schlozman and Tierney - me first!
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flaw in the pluralist heaven is the heavenly chorus sings with an upper class accent
organized interests investing more Use money to give congress what they want: information etc. when scope of conflict expanded well financed interests best position to tell stories |
West and Loomis
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Most important resources for interest groups are information, votes and money.
Legislators actually do not accomodaote big money intersts at expense of constituents because better chance getting what want out legislators if claim strong presence in district. |
Lowery and Brashner
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political commercials trivialize political debate because encourage politicians to oversimplify complicated issues
Many commercials involve attacks so helps foster public cynicism. Scrutiny helps with disillusionment |
Mason - media and cynicism
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Muckracking: can lead to policy initiatives and policy consequences
Public opinion in producing political action greatly exaggerated Agenda building through covering political scandals, social issues and science policy when issues put on agenda should newsworthiness be controlling factor?? because of media candidates spend disproportionate amount of time in Iowa and New Hampshire where media covers most Media plays roll in public's gauging of a candidates competence |
Graber - media agenda setting
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power of purse, appropriation and authorization ways for congress to check president
power been shifting from career executives to short term political appointees so more loyalty to the president than federal policies |
Fischer - war power
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legitimization theory: Congress needs to recognize problems of era, instead of focusing on small issues.
Instead of being issue representative, more interest oriented. New logic of politics: shift away from general dialog over a broad agenda to strategic deliberation. Want long term power in congress so the try and enact particularized programs. |
Dogg - Congress delegitimizing self
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Senate generalism and house specialization
senate larger staff, face to face personalization so better at managing conflict. staff run more. senate more clout, 1 senator can obstruct vote and takes 60 to overcome. more staff more resources for campaigning house more responsive to america, more polarized |
Baker - Senate v HoR
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rule of four
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need only four justices to grant writ of certiorari
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super legislation
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court picking cases impact have importance beyond facts parties involved
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not ripe
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if personal injury not occurred yet
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moot
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all other manners not been exhausted
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bureaucracy not always imperialistic
need capital (appropriations), labor (personnel) and political support want to eliminate competition. need supportive constituency, undisputed jurisdiction and clear mission judged and rewarded based on appearance of success careerists and political appointees executives judged on if policies seem to succeed or fail |
Wilson - bureacracy
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law of unintended consequences: can't always predict results of purposeful action.
Good intentions become distorted by poor implementation. ex war on poverty, vietnam war law of unintended rewards: any social transfer through welfare programs increases the net value of what began the condition that prompted transfer Unintended consequences contribute to souring of public mood. US deeply embedded democratic culture and ambivalence towards state power. Lack of class identity so social and cultural issues dominate politics Paradox is growing size of govt not accompanied by change in public attitudes. American accept benefits but don't want large federal govt |
Gillion - unintended consequences
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Congress joint resolution sept 14 "prez can use all necessary and appropriate force against nations....prevent future attacks" - expansion presidential power
war was declared without specific enemy - expansion of presidential power white house council claims president doesn't need legislative approval for war because: commander in chief, sept 14th joint resolution, congressional resolution from Gulf War if Iraq not live up to terms. - prez expansion Congress could have declared war or authorize tribunals but did nothing. Just appropriated funds. didn't want oversight to be counterproductive - expand presidency International Emergency Economic Powers Act - seize private assets supposedly linked to terrorism - expand prez Patriot Act - govt surveillance, new federal crimes, military tribunals, Security Letters, etc - expand prez what about due process and equal protection of the law? fetish for secrecy - expand prez |
Rudalevige
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President skirts congress
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increase in staff
executive agreements instead of treaties executive orders SAPs and threat of veto carrying cases directly to the public |
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American creed today: high sense individuality, personal responsibility, hard working but can lead to selfishness and greed.
American dream still exists even if govt and institutions seen as corrupt |
Lipset - Exceptionalsim
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bureaucracy not always imperialistic
need capital (appropriations), labor (personnel) and political support want to eliminate competition. need supportive constituency, undisputed jurisdiction and clear mission judged and rewarded based on appearance of success careerists and political appointees executives judged on if policies seem to succeed or fail |
Wilson - bureacracy
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law of unintended consequences: can't always predict results of purposeful action.
Good intentions become distorted by poor implementation. ex war on poverty, vietnam war law of unintended rewards: any social transfer through welfare programs increases the net value of what began the condition that prompted transfer Unintended consequences contribute to souring of public mood. US deeply embedded democratic culture and ambivalence towards state power. Lack of class identity so social and cultural issues dominate politics Paradox is growing size of govt not accompanied by change in public attitudes. American accept benefits but don't want large federal govt |
Gillion - unintended consequences
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Congress joint resolution sept 14 "prez can use all necessary and appropriate force against nations....prevent future attacks" - expansion presidential power
war was declared without specific enemy - expansion of presidential power white house council claims president doesn't need legislative approval for war because: commander in chief, sept 14th joint resolution, congressional resolution from Gulf War if Iraq not live up to terms. - prez expansion Congress could have declared war or authorize tribunals but did nothing. Just appropriated funds. didn't want oversight to be counterproductive - expand presidency International Emergency Economic Powers Act - seize private assets supposedly linked to terrorism - expand prez Patriot Act - govt surveillance, new federal crimes, military tribunals, Security Letters, etc - expand prez what about due process and equal protection of the law? fetish for secrecy - expand prez |
Rudalevige
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President skirts congress
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increase in staff
executive agreements instead of treaties executive orders SAPs and threat of veto carrying cases directly to the public |
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American creed today: high sense individuality, personal responsibility, hard working but can lead to selfishness and greed.
American dream still exists even if govt and institutions seen as corrupt |
Lipset - Exceptionalsim
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Most important resources for interest groups are information, votes and money.
Legislators actually do not accomodaote big money intersts at expense of constituents because better chance getting what want out legislators if claim strong presence in district. |
Lowery and Brashner
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political commercials trivialize political debate because encourage politicians to oversimplify complicated issues
Many commercials involve attacks so helps foster public cynicism. Scrutiny helps with disillusionment |
Mason - media and cynicism
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Muckracking: can lead to policy initiatives and policy consequences
Public opinion in producing political action greatly exaggerated Agenda building through covering political scandals, social issues and science policy when issues put on agenda should newsworthiness be controlling factor?? because of media candidates spend disproportionate amount of time in Iowa and New Hampshire where media covers most Media plays roll in public's gauging of a candidates competence |
Graber - media agenda setting
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power of purse, appropriation and authorization ways for congress to check president
power been shifting from career executives to short term political appointees so more loyalty to the president than federal policies |
Fischer - war power
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legitimization theory: Congress needs to recognize problems of era, instead of focusing on small issues.
Instead of being issue representative, more interest oriented. New logic of politics: shift away from general dialog over a broad agenda to strategic deliberation. Want long term power in congress so the try and enact particularized programs. |
Dogg - Congress delegitimizing self
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Senate generalism and house specialization
senate larger staff, face to face personalization so better at managing conflict. staff run more. senate more clout, 1 senator can obstruct vote and takes 60 to overcome. more staff more resources for campaigning house more responsive to america, more polarized |
Baker - Senate v HoR
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rule of four
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need only four justices to grant writ of certiorari
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super legislation
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court picking cases impact have importance beyond facts parties involved
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not ripe
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if personal injury not occurred yet
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moot
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all other manners not been exhausted
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bureaucracy not always imperialistic
need capital (appropriations), labor (personnel) and political support want to eliminate competition. need supportive constituency, undisputed jurisdiction and clear mission judged and rewarded based on appearance of success careerists and political appointees executives judged on if policies seem to succeed or fail |
Wilson - bureacracy
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law of unintended consequences: can't always predict results of purposeful action.
Good intentions become distorted by poor implementation. ex war on poverty, vietnam war law of unintended rewards: any social transfer through welfare programs increases the net value of what began the condition that prompted transfer Unintended consequences contribute to souring of public mood. US deeply embedded democratic culture and ambivalence towards state power. Lack of class identity so social and cultural issues dominate politics Paradox is growing size of govt not accompanied by change in public attitudes. American accept benefits but don't want large federal govt |
Gillion - unintended consequences
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Congress joint resolution sept 14 "prez can use all necessary and appropriate force against nations....prevent future attacks" - expansion presidential power
war was declared without specific enemy - expansion of presidential power white house council claims president doesn't need legislative approval for war because: commander in chief, sept 14th joint resolution, congressional resolution from Gulf War if Iraq not live up to terms. - prez expansion Congress could have declared war or authorize tribunals but did nothing. Just appropriated funds. didn't want oversight to be counterproductive - expand presidency International Emergency Economic Powers Act - seize private assets supposedly linked to terrorism - expand prez Patriot Act - govt surveillance, new federal crimes, military tribunals, Security Letters, etc - expand prez what about due process and equal protection of the law? fetish for secrecy - expand prez |
Rudalevige
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President skirts congress
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increase in staff
executive agreements instead of treaties executive orders SAPs and threat of veto carrying cases directly to the public |
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American creed today: high sense individuality, personal responsibility, hard working but can lead to selfishness and greed.
American dream still exists even if govt and institutions seen as corrupt |
Lipset - Exceptionalsim
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MucColloch v Maryland 1819
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Constitution's "necessary and proper clause" permits Congress to take actions when it is essential to a power that Congress has. In this case: create a national bank to regulate the currency.
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Gibbons v Ogden 1824
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Constitution's commerce clause gives national govt exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce (states can't)
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wabash st lois and pacific railroad v illinois 1886
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states can't regulate interstate commerce, just Congress can
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United States v Lopez 1995
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national govt's power under commerce clause doesn't permit it to regulate matters not directly related to interstate commerce.
here: can't ban fire arms in school zone under commerce clause |
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Schenck v Us 1919
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Speech may be punished if it creates a clear and present danger test of illegal acts
case: pamphlets against the draft, threat to nation in state of war |
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Chaplinksy v New Hampshire 1942
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fighting words not protected by First Amendment (god damn fascist etc)
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new york times v sullivan 1964
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to libel a public figure, there must be actual malice
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tinker v de moines 1969
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public school students may wear armbands to class protesting against America's war in Vietnam when displays don't disrupt class
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Miller v California 1973
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obscenity defined as appealing to prurient interests of average person with materials that lack literary, artiistic, political or scientific value
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Burger Court
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1969 - 1986
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cohens v virginia 1821
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Marshall court: supremacy of federal law over federal law when overturned Virginia Supreme Court ruling. Shows constitution applicable to states.
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Marshall Court
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1801-1835
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Taft SC Justice
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1921 -1930
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Warren Court
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1954-1969
legal status of racial segregation, civil rights, separation of church and state, and police arrest procedure in the United States. |
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rehnqist court
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1985-2005
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roberts court
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2005-now
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John paul stevens
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90 yrs old, oldest member court. 4th oldest ever. served under 3 chief justices, 7 presidents. said was retiring this month. Associate justice. writes a lot of dissenting and majority opinions. moderately conservative. socially more liberal. more ideosyncratic voting.
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Ruth Ginsberg
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SC justice. 2nd woman, jewish. more liberal. big on civil liberties and equality. pro abortion rights
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sanda o'day conner
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1st sc justice. associate justice. 1981 to retired 2006. conservative. part of federalist movement. often swing vote.
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david souter
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1991 to 2009. associate justice. didn't really fit into any ideological camp but conservatives call him liberal. followed by sonya sotomayor. expected to be conservative
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nancy pelosi
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minority leader before becoming speaker of the house. 1st female speaker of the house. democrat. very big on social issues but trying to foucs on economics as speaker. instrumental in health care policy and convincing obama to keep going with it after brown. for increase in medicare and medicaid
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texas v johnson 1989
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not be a law to ban flag burning
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mcconnel v federal election commission
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2002 upholds 2002 campaign finance form law (been reversed since)
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everson v board of education
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wall of separation principle announced 1947
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engel v vitale
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1962 no prayer in school allowed in public schools
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mapp v ohio
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1961 evidence illegally gathered by the police not be used in a criminal trial
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gideon v wainwright
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1964 persons charged with crime rght to attorney even if can't afford one
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miranda v arizona
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1966 police need to read rights to arrested persons
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united states v leon
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1984 illegally obtained evidence may be used in a trial if it were gathered in good faith without violating the principles of the Mapp decision.
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rasul v bush and hamdi v rumsfeld
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2004 terrorist detainees may have access to neutral court to decide if legally held
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dred scott case
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1857 congress no authority to ban slavery in a territory. slave was considered a piece of property
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plessy v ferguson
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1896 separate but equal facilities upheld
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brown v board of education
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1954 separate public schools inherently unequal starting racial desegregation
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swann v charlotte mecklenburg board of education
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1971 approved busing and redrawing district lines as ways of integrating public schools
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reed v reed
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1971 gender discrimination violates equal protection clause of constitution
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craig v boren
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1976 gender discrimination can only be justified if it serves important government objectives and be substantially related to those objectives
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griswold v connecticut
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1965 found right ot privacy in constitution ban any state law against selling contraceptives
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roe v wade
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1973 state laws against abortion unconstitutional
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conzales v carhart
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2007 federal law may ban certain forms of partial birth abortion
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regents of university of california v bakke
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1978. quota ban on Bakke's admission unconstitution but diversity was legitimate goal that could be pursued by taking race into account
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richmond v croson
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1989 affirmative action must be jduged by strict srutiny standard requires any race concious plan to be narrowly tailored to serve a compelling interest
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lawrence v texas
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2003. state law may not ban sexual realtions between same sex partners
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boy souts of america v dale
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2000 private organization may ban gays from its membership
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buckley v valeo
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1976 held law limiting contributions to political campaigns was constitutional but one restricting candidate's expenditure of his or her own money was not
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mcconnel v federal election commission
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2002 upheld law prohibiting corporations and labor unions from running ads that mention candidates and their positions for sixty days before federal general election
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us v harriss
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1954 constitution protects lobbying of congress but govt may require information form group that try to influence legislation
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near v minnesota
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1931 freedom of press applies to state govts, so cannot impose prior restraint on newspapers
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new yourk times v sullivan
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1964 public officials may not win a libel suit unless can prove that the statements was made knowing it to be false or with reckless disregard of its truth
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US v nixon
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1974 president is entitled to receive confidential advice but can be required to reveal material related to criminal prosecution
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nixon v fitzgerald
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1982 president may not be sued while in office
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clinton v jones
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1997 president may be sued for actions taken before he became president
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marbury v madison
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upheld judicial review of congressional acts 1803
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samuel alito
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2006 appointed by bush. considered conservative with some libertarian streak. battle to be confirmed, rejected by civil liberties union and was filibustered by john kerry.
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Article I
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powers of congress
HoR power to impeach, Senate power to try impeachment section 7: Money bills must originate in the house, veto powers section 8: powers of congress! taxes, borrowing, regulation of commerce, naturalization and bankruptcy, counterfeiting, post office, patents and copy rights, create courts, declare war, create army and anvay, "necessary and proper clause" section 9: habeas corpus not suspended, no bill of attainder or ex post facto, no preferential treatment of states section 10: restrictions of states. |
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Article II
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presidnet.
powers of president (section 2): commander in chief, pardons, treaties and appointments make sure laws faithfully executed (give power over congress) impeachment |
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Article III
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judicial power in supreme court and inferior courts can be created by congress.
original jurisdiction of sc:ambassadors, if state is a party etc. mostly appellate |
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Article IV
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state rights
full faith and credit clause. given in each state prvileges: extradition (criminal returned to that state) governing of territories |
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Article V
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amending constitution. 2/3 both houses to propose and 3/4 state legislatures to confirm. or 2/3 state legislatures to call convention where 3/4 legislatures.
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Article VI
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supremacy clause
no religious test |
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VII
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ratification process = nine of thirteen ratify
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amendment 1 1791
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freedom of speech, religion, assembly and press
"congress shall make no law..." |
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amendment 2
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right to bear arms
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amendment 3
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no quartering of troops in private house during time of peace
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amendment 4
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no unreasonable search and seizure and no warrants without probable cause
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amendment 5
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right when accused, need to be indicted by Grand Jury, no double jeopardy, doesn't have to witness against himself, nor deprived life, liberty or property without due process, private property not taken without just compensation.
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amendment 6
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speedy trial, impartial jury, right to counsel
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amendment 8
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no excessive bail or cruel and unusual punsihment
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amendment 9
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unenumerated rights protected
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amendment 10
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powers not delgated to US by constitution are powers reserved for states.
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13th amendment
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1865 slavery prohibited
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14th amendment
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1868 ex slaves made citizens
due process clause applied to states. equal protection clause |
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15th amendment
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1870 blacks given right to vote
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16th amendment
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1913 federal income tax allowed
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amendment 17
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1913 popular election of senators
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amendment 19
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1920 women right to vote
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amendment 22
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1951 two term limit for president
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amendment 24
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1964 no poll taxes in federal elections
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14th amendment
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1868 ex slaves made citizens
due process clause applied to states. equal protection clause |
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ad hoc structures
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subordinates, cabinet officers and committees that report directly to the president
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15th amendment
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1870 blacks given right to vote
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authorization legislation
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legislative permission to begin or continue a govt program or agency
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16th amendment
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1913 federal income tax allowed
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amendment 17
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1913 popular election of senators
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background
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public offical's statement to reporter given on condtiion official nt be named
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amendment 19
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1920 women right to vote
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amendment 22
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1951 two term limit for president
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amendment 24
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1964 no poll taxes in federal elections
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ad hoc structures
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subordinates, cabinet officers and committees that report directly to the president
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authorization legislation
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legislative permission to begin or continue a govt program or agency
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background
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public official's statement to reporter given on condition official not be named
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bill of attainder
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law that declares a person without a trial to be guilty of a crime (unconstitutional
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block grant
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money from national govt that can be spent within broad guidelines determined by Washington
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bully pulpit
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president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse American public
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cabinet
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heads of fifteen executive branch departments of federal govt
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categorical grants
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federal grants for specific purposes
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caucus
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association of Congress members created to advance a political ideology or interest
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civic duty
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belief one has an obligation to participate in civic and political affairs
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civil rights
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rights of people to be treated without unreasonable or unconstitutional difference
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class action suit
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case brought by someone to help him or her and all others similarly situated
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clear and present danger test
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law shouldn't punish free speech unless clear and present danger of producing harmful action
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closed rule
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House Rules COmmittee sets time limit on debate and prevents a bill from being amended on the floor
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cottails
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members do better electorally when important member of their party on top of ticket
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competitive service
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govt offices which people are appointed on basis of merit by exam
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concurrent powers
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powers shared by national and state governments
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conditions of aid
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terms set by national govt that states must meet if to receive certain federal funds
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congressional campaign committee
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party committee in Congress provides funds to members
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conservative coalition
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coalition between republicans and conservative democrats
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constitutional court
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federal court protected under article III provisions like good behavior = lifetime salaries can't reduce
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court of appeals
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federal court cant have trials just reviews cases from district courts
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de factor segregation
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segregation occurring for non legislative reasons like geographic reasons
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de jure segregation
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segregation is required by law
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discharge petition
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try and get a bill discharged from a committee if it has been there for 30 days to go to the floor
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discretionary authority
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extend appointed bureaucrats can choose course action and make policies not spelled in advance by laws
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district courts
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federal courts that try federal trials, lowest federal court
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divided govt
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when president one party and congress majorities other
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double tracking
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keep senate going during filibuster
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dual federalism
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argument that govt should work in their sphere and state in their and two spheres kept separate
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equal time rule
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FCC rule that media has to sell equal time to both candidates
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establishment clause
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first amendment ban on laws "respecting an establishment of religion"
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exclusionary rule
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improperly gathered evidence cant be used in a criminal trial
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express preemption
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federal law regulation contains language explicitly displacing or superseding contrary state or local laws
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federal question
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cases concerning the Constitution, treaties or federal laws - go to SC
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501 c 3 organization
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non profit organization can address political matter but cannot lobby or campaign and their profits are tax deductible
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501 c 4 organization
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non profit organization can lobby and campaign profits not tax deductible
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527 organization
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raise and spend money to advance political causes
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franking privilege
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ability of members to mail letters to constituents free of charge by substituting their facsimile signature for postage
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free exercise clause
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first amendment law cannot prevent free exercise of religion
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good faith exception
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error in gathering evidence sufficiently minor that may used in a trial
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govt by proxy
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fed govt pays state and local govts and private groups to staff and administer federal programs
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implied preemption
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a federal law contains language conflicting with state or local laws cannot be effectively implemented due to such laws or concerns matters in which washington possesses exclusive constitutional powers
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in forma pauperis
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poor person can have case heard in federal court without charge
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independent expenditures
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spending by PAC, corporation or labor union done to help party or candidate but done independently of them
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iron triangle
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close relationship between agency, congressional committee and interest group
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issue network
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network of DC people interest groups congressional staffs in universities and think tanks discuss advocate public policies
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joint committees
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committees both senators and representatives serve
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joint resolution
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formal expression of congressional opinion must be approved by both houses of Congress and by president. Constitutional amendments
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legislative courts
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created by congress not protected by article III
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legislative veto
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authority congress to block president action after taken place. ruled unconstitutional
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libel
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writing that falsely injures another person
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litmus test
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examination of political ideology of nominated judge
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majority leader
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legislative leader elected by party members holding majority of seats in House or Senate
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malapportionment
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drawing boundaries of legislative districts so that they are unequal in population
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mandate
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terms set by national govt states must meet whether or not accept federal grants
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marginal districts
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political districts candidates elected win by less than 55%
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mugwumps or progressives
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republican party faction of 1890 to 1910s composed of reformers who opposed patronage
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multiple referral
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congressional process bill may be referred to several important committees
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national chairman
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day to day management of political party
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national committee
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delegates run party affairs between national conventions
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national convention
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meeting of party delegates held every four years
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necessary and proper clause
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allows congress to pass all laws necessary and proper to duties and permitted congress to exercise powers not enumerated
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nullification
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state can declare null and void a federal law that in states opinion violates constitution
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open rule
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order from House Rules Committee that bill can be amended on floor
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pluralist view
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competition among all affected interests shapes public policy
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political efficacy
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believe you can take part in politics or govt will respond to citizenry
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political machine
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party organization recruits members by dispensing patronage
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political question
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issue SC allow legislative and executive to decide
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prior restraint
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censorship of publication
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progressive
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belief that personal freedom and solving social problems more important than religion
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public bill
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bill deals with matters of general concern
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quorum
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minimum number of members must be present for business to be conducted in Congress
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recall
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voters can remove an elected official from office
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remedy
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judicial order enforcing right or redressing a wrong
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reserved powers
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powers given to state govts alone
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revenue sharing
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govt sharing revenues with states
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safe districts
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districts incumbents win by margins of 55% or more
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second order devolution
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flow of power and money from states to local govts
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select committees
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congressional committees appointed for limited time and purpose
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selective incorporation
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court cases apply Bill of Rights to states
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signing statement
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presidential document reveals what president thinks of new law
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soft money
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funds obtained by political parties can't be spent on a candidate but for party stuff like get out the vote drives
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solidary incentives
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social rewards of being party of an organization: pleasure, status companionship
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sophomore surge
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increase votes congressional candidates get when first run for reelection
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sovereign immunity
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rule citizen cannot sue govt without govts consent
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standing committees
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permanent committees in Congress responsible for legislation within certain subject area
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stare decisis
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let decision stand, prior rulings control current case
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strict scrutiny
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SC test to see if laws denies equal protection because it does not serve compelling state interest and not narrowly tailored to achieve that goal
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superdelegates
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party leaders and elected officials who become delegates to national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses
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symbolic speech
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action has political meaning
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third order devolution
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increased role of non profit organization and private groups in policy implementation
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trial balloon
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information leaked to media to test public reactions to possible policy
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valence issue
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issue public united about so candidates similar positions in hopes of thought to best represent widely shared beliefs
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wall of separation
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court ruling govt cannot be involved with religion
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writ of certiorari
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order from higher court directing lower court to send up a court for review
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