Course Notes Midterm 2

Front 1

What are Paradigms?

Back 1

An overall model of a particular problem on which a number of theories are based

Front 2

What is Thomas S. Kuhn theory based on?

Back 2

Study of science that attempts to describe how science develops in reality

Front 3

What is a Paradigm shift?

Back 3

Discarding a paradigm in favor of another

- often means radical change

Front 4

What paradigm shift did Kuhn use?

Back 4

The shift from the geocentric system of ptolemy to the heliocentric system of copernicus

Front 5

True or false: science is an entirely rational dicipline

Back 5

True

Front 6

What paradigm do scientists operate under?

Back 6

one that has consensus support

Front 7

Kuhn calls science normal science. He says it is straightforward and describes it as ______________

Back 7

puzzle solving

Front 8

Revolutionary science

Back 8

- There will be a period of confusion where supporters of several competing theories argue with each other

- One theory will win because it will get the greatest number of supporters in the scientific/political community

- Thus a paradigm shift is an 'irrational' process that is based no the opinion of scientific leaders not simply "the facts"

Front 9

"Normal Science"

Back 9

Science advances in small steps as researchers identify problems, make observations, and test their findings

As a result they base their theories on "the facts"

Therefore, science is an entirely rational discipline that stands in sharp contrast to other views of the world based on faith, intuition, tradition, etc.

Front 10

Does science progress?

Back 10

Science improves but it does not progress. Past science is not a subset of our own, but something wholly different

Front 11

Scientific Revolutions according to Kuhn (kuhn challenges the idea that science is objective)

Back 11

- Scientific revolutions not caused by new results from research

- caused from a new perspective or interpretations of data by a scientific community

Front 12

Who rejected the view of Kuhn? (2 people)

Back 12

Karl Popper and Bernard Cohen

Front 13

Who argued that Kuhn was a totalitarian and worked for the CIA?

Back 13

Steve Fuller

Front 14

Who used Kuhns term to develop a new approach to rhetoric based on the work of Kenneth Burke?

Back 14

Walter Fisher

Front 15

Walter Fisher believed humans see life as a ___________

Back 15

story

Front 16

__________ pointed out the need to motivate people to act not simply accept somthing. _______ shows that narratives are one way of both convincing people and moving them to action.

Back 16

Burke

Fisher

Front 17

Rhetoric was all about _________ and how to ________ others

Back 17

1. persuasion

2. convince

Front 18

Aristrotles view leads to the following conclusions

Back 18

1. People are essentially rational

2. We make decisions on the basis of arguments

3. They tpe of speaking situation (legal, scientifc, legislative) determines the course of our argument

4. Rationality is determined by how much we know and how well we argue

5. The world is a set of logical puzzles that we can solve through rational analysis

Front 19

Fishers proposed Narrative Paradigm

Back 19

1. People are essential storytellers

2. The human communication is largely a storytelling process

3. We should test the narrative rationality of stories for credibility and fidelity

Front 20

Who was fishers teacher?

Back 20

Kenneth Burke

Front 21

What is Rhetoric?

Back 21

A matter of evidence, facts, arguments, reason and logic