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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Loretta Lynn
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-put Butcher Holler on the map (used to be Webb Holler)
-colloquial language like "borned," "stoled" -autobiographical -married at 13, husband thought she sounded like Kitty Wells, bought her a guitar -rough, brash woman -Jack White said she was the most important female singer/songwriter in the 20th century -"take the po'try out" |
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Tammy Wynette
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-another major female soloist in the 60s
-poor single mother of 3 -hair stylist; kept certification -solo songs and duets with husband George Jones -architect of "country-politan"- brought back some swag, but still some uptown -"Stand By Your Man" |
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Dolly Parton
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-East Nashville
-became Porter Wagner's "girl singer" on his TV show -magnificent songwriter -crossover artist, movie star, movie 9-5 -very different voice, "pure mountain-top" voice -wrote hit Whitney Houston song "I Will Always Love You" -wrote a song about her childhood later recorded by Emmylou Harris, "Coat of Many Colors" |
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Who in Nashville supported Dylan and Baez?
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Johnny Cash
Earl and Louise Scruggs |
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Who was the first big-deal female booking agent and manager in Nashville?
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Louise Scruggs
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Which bluegrass innovator became a country-rock innovator and helped bridge Nashville's old-guard with long-haired California kids who loved country?
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Earl Scruggs
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Sweetheart of the Rodeo
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-Album by The Byrds
-Booed off the Opry Stage -Recorded with the Addition of Gram Parsons, Lloyd Green -First major country-rock album |
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The Nashville Sound
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-started after Rockabilly when Nashville music was going into decline
-Sonny James did pop-leaning hit "Young Love", became a crossover hit -Key artists: Marty Robbins, Jim Reeves, Don Gibson, Patsy Cline, Eddy Arnold, Ray Price |
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Merle Haggard
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-went to prison for drunkenly trying to break into an open restaurant
-in prison, saw Johnny Cash perform- impressed by him -greatest living country singer/songwriter, prolific -put out 30 albums in his first 9 years -wrote songs about laborers -remarkable voice- changed through the decades -"Branded Man" was about being ashamed of his time in prison -in the 60s wrote songs critical of people protesting the Vietnam War |
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Lefty Frizzell
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-"Hank and Lefty"
-the way he sang became a common style -called "Sonny" as a kid, but got "Lefty" when he fought a lot -loved Jimmie Rodgers -"Honky Tonk" music- "If You've got the Money, I've got the time" -slides around vocally -Hank's main competition -Haggard followed in his footsteps -went to jail -4 songs in country top 10 at one time -felt like his record company wasn't treating him right and developed a debilitating alcohol problem -"Long Black Veil"- a comeback song -high blood pressure, but didn't take his medicine, so he died at age 47 from a stroke -not inducted into hall of fame until after he died -Willie Nelson did a tribute album to him called "From Willie to Lefty" |
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Eddy Arnold
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-started out as a honky tonk artist, Hank Williams imitator
-crossed over to the Nashville sound with his producer Owen Bradley -had 28 #1 country singles -good business man, bought a lot of real estate (now Brentwood) -millionaire but ate at meat and three -"Make the World Go Away" slow dreamy sound, full voice, "easy listening," no rhythmic drive, sleepy -an exception to country artists who were phased out by Rock n Roll |
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Ray Price
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-shuffle beat
-sounds nothing like the Nashville Sound -"Heartaches by the Number" -discovered Bill Anderson, young disc jockey in LA -Discovered Roger Miller -started publishing company Pamper Publishing- had Willie Nelson -voice could adapt to changes -"For the Good Times" (written by Kris Kristofferson) -an exception to country artists who were phased out by Rock N Roll |
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Will the Circle Be Unbroken
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Carter Family song
Nitty Gritty Dirt Band album |
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Charley Pride
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-loved Hank Williams and the Opry
-mid 60s, Cowboy Jack Clement recorded an album of him, would get people to listen to him before they saw he was black, sent it to DJs, people loved his music -extremely popular by the time it became known he was black -anomaly- hadn't been a black country music artist since DeFord Bailey -won CMA Entertainer of the Year -"Is Anybody Going to San Antone?"- indicative of direction of music "country-politan", similar to the Nashville sound with more drive |
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Ray Charles
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-remarkable blind piano player and vocalist
-R&B and soul player -recorded 2 albums of country songs, "Modern Songs in Country and Western Music Vol. 1 and 2" -grew up in GA and would listen to Grand Ole Opry -Don Gibson's "I Can't Stop Loving You" redone -didn't mimic country |
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What albums did Bob Dylan record here in Nashville?
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-Nashville Skyline
-John Wesley Harding -Blonde on Blonde |
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The Bakersfield Sound
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-1 hour north of LA, not like Southern CA
-rough bars, sandy town -liked Honky Tonk, Ernest Tubb -Nashville Sound wasn't big there -Buck Owens was the star of Bakersfield- contract at Capital -"Act Naturally" - first of many hits -signed a pledge that he would only do country music -helped spread country music around the world- Beatles redid one of the songs -harder edge, high notes are more cutting, made for AM radio -big influence on Dwight Yoakum -Merle Haggard played base and gave him the nickname "Buckaroos" |
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Buck Owens
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-Buck Owens was the star of Bakersfield- contract at Capital
-"Act Naturally" - first of many hits -signed a pledge that he would only do country music -helped spread country music around the world- Beatles redid one of the songs -harder edge, high notes are more cutting, made for AM radio -big influence on Dwight Yoakum -Merle Haggard played base and gave him the nickname "Buckaroos" |
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The impact of the rise of Elvis on country music
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-Memphis- very segregated
-liked blues/jazz -used to hang out at Sun studios- "karaoke" records -"That's Alright Mama" -"Blue Moon of Kentucky" with Bill Monroe- added slapback -Dewey Phillips- white DJ playing black music -played at the Opry, but manager told him to go back to truck driving -like Lumen brothers, but they insulted him |
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Sonny James
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-Alabama
-Hillbilly music but producer doesn't let him -Twangy -"Young Love"- producer says to do it, pop #1 hit, #1 country song, no steel guitar or bluegrass -Nashville Sound artist |
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Jim Reeves
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-soft, smooth voice
-most popular country musician in Africa -"Four Walls" -not meant for honky tonk and people who liked Hank Williams |
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Marty Robbins
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-Nashville Sound, pop-leaning
-"A White Sport Coat and a Pink Carnation" -songs about younger issues, like prom |
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The Everly Brothers
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-the first rock 'n' roll act to live, work, and base its business operations in Nashville
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Patsy Cline
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-performed "Crazy"
-from Windchester, VA -grew up singing in bar rooms -like Jim Reeves, full and round voice, did appeal to people who didn't grow up listening to twangy country music -died in a plane crash -drank a lot -1st female country artist to headline in Vegas -car accident in early 60s |
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Who wrote the song "Crazy"?
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Willie Nelson
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The A-Team
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A group of session musicians that backed a lot of singers during the "Nashville Sound" Era
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Bill Monroe and the Blue Grass Boys
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-was at the Opry and felt like something was missing
-father of bluegrass -guitarist- Lester Flatt -Earl Scruggs was the banjo player- plays "fancy banjer" -"Heavy Traffic Ahead" -had impromptu baseball games in cities on tours if they didn't have enough attendence -original bluegrass band only lasted 2 years |
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Who were the three key Nashville Sound producers?
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1. Chet Atkins
2. Owen Bradley 3. Jim Reeves |
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Wanda Jackson
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-"queen" or "first lady" or Rockabilly
-"The Female Elvis"- nickname -voice wasn't cute -"Let's Have a Party" |
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The Station Inn
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-Bluegrass venue in Nashville
-Where Dierks Bentley and others learned about bluegrass |
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The beginnings of bluegrass
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Ryman Auditorium show by Bill Monroe and the Blue Grass Boys, featuring Scruggs and Flatt in the band
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Flatt and Scruggs
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-"Rolling in My Sweet Baby's Arms"
-way more popular than the Blue Grass Boys in terms of commercial success -TV show -Monroe tried to keep them off the Opry but money got them in -"We'd never have an Opry act at Vanderbilt"- but they did and put country music into Vandy, music for everyone -Scruggs was born Boiling Springs, SC -changed the way the banjo was played |
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The Osborne Brothers
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-harmony vocals based on the sound of a pedal steel guitar
-progressive bluegrass group -Sonny- banjo player -Bobby- mandelin -tweaked bluegrass tradition (had an electric bass player or a snare drum)- upset people -harmony vocals -newer songs -"Rocky Top" |
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Jimmy Martin
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-King of Bluegrass
-used to sing in Blue Grass Boys -"high lonesome sound" of bluegrass music- high pitched voice -never invited to join the Opry b/c he was an alcoholic -referred to himself in third person -purchased own tombstone -"20/20 Vision" |
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Alison Krauss
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-musical family in Champagne, Illinois
-champion fiddle player in bluegrass competitions -really shy, wouldn't talk, really funny, intelligent -similar to J.D. Crowe -Bluegrass-based, bluegrass was a male-dominated genre and she was a teen girl -"Every time you say goodbye" -first person in bluegrass who could put out an album and sell 1 million copies -more grammies than any woman -acoustic, thoughtful storytelling, virtuoso |
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J.D. Crowe and the New South
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-Tony Rice- acoustic guitar, sang in a lower-pitch, calm voice
-from KY -"Summer Wages"- about gambling; dobro, Skaggs on harmony, tempo much slower, pitch lower |
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Kitty Wells
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-"It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels"
-first big female country star |
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Hank Williams
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-driver when he died was a 17 year old Auburn student
-influenced by blues music -"Rockstar" presence onstage -not sure if it was his wife's nagging that made him drink or his drinking that made his wife nag -brought up in poverty, small towns -died in the back of a car -"I'm so lonesome I could cry" -Charles Carr- 17 year old driver -chronic back pain -marriage problems -"Your Cheatin' Heart" |
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Fred Rose
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-started Acuff-Rose Productions with Roy Acuff
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Hank Snow
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-sang and played guitar really well, usual to be really good at the time
-predecessor to people like Kenny Chesney and Keith Urban -from Liverpool, Nova Scotia -Bad childhood- mother remarried a guy who was hard on him -mother was a fan of Vernon Dalhart- influence -Mom bought guitar and lessons but Hank learned too -influenced by Jimmie Rodgers -Ernest Tubb got him to the Opry -nickname was "Singing Ranger"- rode a trick horse named Shawnee -"I'm moving on"- 1950, #1 hit in a few months, got him popular in the US- guitar solo, train whistle in the background -"I've been everywhere" |
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Webb Pierce
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-ruled charts in 1950s until rock n roll
-car outfitted by Nudi, guns where have to pull trigger to open door -pool shaped like guitar -Spence Manor -thin, nasal voice -Louisiana Hay Ride before Opry -"There Stands the Glass"- window into where about to make decisions, drinking -"Teenage Boogey"- tried to appeal to teens, didn't work -inducted into hall of fame after death |
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Ernest Tubb
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-was a Jimmie Rodgers imitator, but then had a botched tonsillectomy and had to find a voice of his own
-secondary income from a record store -"I'm walking the floor over you" -introduced electric guitar -introduced honky tonk -could hardly sing |
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When did Hank Williams die?
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New Years
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How did Patsy Cline and Jim Reeves die?
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plane crash
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Johnny Cash also did....
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a TV show
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Who was the first great American songwriter?
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Stephen Foster- wrote Oh! Susanna
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Eck Robertson
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-first country musician to be recorded by the Victor Talking Machine Company
-fiddle player -"Sallie Gooden" -wasn't a huge seller, but was the template for bluegrass |
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Ralph Peer
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-border town in VA
-Bristol Sessions -NY representative of Victor Talking Machine Company -came to bristol to discover talent -discovered Carter Family and Jimmie Rodgers -before, singing wasn't really a career |
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The Carter Family
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-discovered at Bristol Sessions
-from Poor Valley -A.P. was the husband, Sarah was the wife, and Maybelle was very pregnant -Maybelle Carter- first guitar hero- "carter scratch" -Sara sang with unaffected voice "No Depression in Heaven" "Wildwood Flower" -not classically trained, sang how they talked -biggest hits did not come from bristol Sessions |
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Three Most famous and important singing cowboys
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Roy Rogers
Tex Ritter Gene Autry |
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Woody Gunthrie
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-wrote "This Land is Your Land"- in response to false optimism in "God Bless America"
-plain, full use of Carter Scratch -hero to Boby Dylan and Bruce Springsteen, friend to author John Steinback - concerned with concerns of proletariat- primary influence to music makers including bob dylan |
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Sons of the Pioneers
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-cowboy group
-Roy Rogers -inventive, complex harmonies |
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Elton Britt
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-"There's a Star Spangled Banner Waving Somewhere"
-about a crippled kid who wants to be a soldier |
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Bob Wills and Western Swing
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-"Bob Wills and the Playboys"
-would point fiddle bow at you and you had to be ready to solo -would shout "Haw" -"San Antonio Rose" -western swing |
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DeFord Bailey
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-raised poor outside of Nashville
-first african-american star of country music -harmonica player -did opry tours in 30s -fired from opry -shoe shiner, turned down gigs -ended up on radio WSM -"Pan American Blues" -"Fox Chase" -5 or 6 years ago, inducted into hall of fame |
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Who was the king of country music?
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Roy Acuff
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Patsy Montana
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-first country performer to have a million-selling single- "I Want to be a Cowboy's Sweetheart"
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Which performing rights organization helped country in the early 1940's by collecting royalties on shows that featured country music?
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BMI
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Minnie Pearl
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-famous female comendienne who worked on Opry for 50 years
-real name was Sarah Ophelia Colley |
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Bristol Sessions
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-most important sessions in the history of country, where carter family and jimmie rodgers were discovered
-made singing a career -Ralph Peer |
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Roy Acuff's ascent in the 1940s....
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helped the Opry focus on solo stars
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Vernon Dalhart's "The Prisoner's Song"
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?
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Billy Joe Shaver
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songwriter for Waylon Jennings
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George Jones
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-end of the 70s
-he couldn't talk drunk/sober- only could sing -"no show Jones" -"He stopped loving her today" |
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Lloyd Green
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-the great steel guitarist who played with Paul McCartney, The Byrds, Nanci Griffith, Ricky Skaggs
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Nanci Griffith
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-folk influenced
-"great credibility scare" artist -long song introductions -successful, still performing, profit but not millions like Garth Brooks -"Love at the Five And Dime" -MCA records -recorded a video in a small room in TX |
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Tony Brown
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-signed many Great Credibility Scare acts (Nanci Griffith, Steve Earle, Lyle Lovett)
-record executive -risk taker |
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Rosanne Cash
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-different sound from father
-husband and producer was Rodney Crowell -"Seven Year Ache"- about bad marriage with Rodney -had a "hook" |
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Neo-traditionalism
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Randy Travis
George Strait Ricky Skaggs -new music, older sounds, reaction to pop |
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Ricky Scaggs...
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-came from a bluegrass background
-having performed with J.D. Crowe and the New south in a classic lineup that also featured Jerry Douglas and Tony Rice |
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Skaggs' part of neotraditionalism...
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inspired other acoustic-based artists
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Reba McEntire
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· 16 singles, only 3 commercially successful à unusual, usually only 2 singles/year because expensive and songs move more slowly now
· Left after #1 hit and went to MCA record label · Said Mercury had forced her to use synthesizers, which wasn’t probably true · Business person à opened Starstruck Studios in 90s, Starstruck Publishing, Broadway, 2 sitcoms · “Whoever’s in New England” à mid-1980s, #1 hit about cheating, stays with him; augments melody o big note o first country song to talk about white collar people- not country imagery · Influenced Martina McBride, Faith Hill Oversings- makes words have more syllables |
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Kris Kristofferson
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· Accomplished à came to Nashville at 30 years old, raised in military family, college football, boxer, Rhodes Scholar, published short stories in Atlantic Monthly, flew military helicopters and wanted to go to Vietnam but too much leadership potential, gave him position at West Point
· Gravely voice, not commanding, poetry and language · Influenced by Shakespeare, Bob Dylan, and Hank Williams · Scared of West Point position à lesson plans, regular schedule · His buddy’s aunt was a songwriter in Nashville · Met up with Cowboy Jack Clemens and Johnny Cash backstage · Had a wife and kid · Couldn’t sing, not much of a guitar player · Resigns at West Point and now songwriting bum, drank away marriage · Janitor at Columbia Records, wanted to be around Johnny Cash and Bob Dylan · Mom disowned him, banned from Cash’s sessions but Cash says he won’t record without Kris present · Actor in dozens of movies · Flew helicopter onto Cash’s property to give him a tape- ended up working · Cash changed the lyrics from “stoned” to “home” · Nonjudgemental songs · “Jesus was a Capricorn” · Fred Foster- signed him to a record deal “To Beat the Devil” |
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Garth Brooks
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· Arena rock theatrics à made arena seem smaller
· Sold more albums than any country singer à unprecedented commercial success o Model for new country music star- huge, charismatic star with showy performances · Earnest voice, way of conveying emotion, ordinary guy o Regular guy, charismatic · “The Dance” o performed at Central Park in NYC with a huge crowd · Highest selling artist in country with over 100 million album sales · Marketing minor · “retired” to be a dad, but never really retired |
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Impact of Soundscan
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· May 1991, Billboard magazine chart changes methodology of data collection to SoundScan
· Before they used estimates from record store clerks · SoundScan works by recording the actual number of records sold when barcodes were scanned, so now know exact number and location where bought · Now artists had more information about their sales · Nashville was selling more albums than everyone thought · Garth Brooks’s No Fences album went from #16 to #4 on the Billboard charts b/c SoundScan · Garth Brooks’s Ropin’ the Wind was the first country album to debut at top of all genre chart · Proved country’s popularity, second to rock o Became 17% of all music · Country sales keep doubling, snowball effect · More country radio stations · Country artists now sell millions of albums, and country labels want to sell millions of albums instead of hundreds of thousands à high risk, high reward · Country music becomes more popular on radio stations and with advertising · Music Row less likely to take change on something different They had figured it out and kept doing the same thing over and over |
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Shania Twain, and her rock influences
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· Her producer was Mutt Land (I have Lang?), also producer for AC/DC, Def Leppard à rock bands that influenced her
o He saw her video and liked it so took her on o Big-rock stadium drumming in her songs · Autotuned voice, ususally sings with double track or lip syncs o Didn’t tour at first, so people thought she couldn’t sing · Glamour, brunette Barbie Doll o By late 1990s, female artists expected to look like models- looks became a prereq b/c of autotune Raised in Canada, liked pop music |
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Tom T. Hall
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· Wrote Sweetheart of the Rodeo album for The Byrds when Gram Parsons was a member
· Would wake up every morning and assign himself to write (not only when he felt creative like most country artists) · “Little Darlin’” songs · other people didn’t want to perform his songs because they reflected Tom’s own experiences · “unflinching” · mom died when he was 13 · wrote a book on how to write songs · “Turn it on, turn it on, turn it on” · took country out of “Little Darlin’” phase- (confused, this contradicts earlier notes) · other people started singing prison songs after Cash did- Stonewall Jackson asked him to write some · he couldn’t relate, wife told him to write what he knew- went to jail, so he wrote “A week in a country jail” · broke a lot of songwriting rules- no chorus · nickname- “The Storyteller” · wrote observational songs until he became too famous, then wrote about himself · refused to pass judgement “Homecoming”- very personal song |
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Cowboy Jack Clement
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· Whimsical maverick who discovered Charley Pride and Don Williams, convinced Kristofferson to move to town, was Johnny Cash’s buddy, was a studio mentor, etc.
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Outlaw Movement
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· Waylon Jennings was the forerunner
· 1972 Dripping Springs, TX |
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Red Headed Stranger
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Album by outlaw artist Willie Nelson
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Emmylou Harris
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1980 -- loved bluegrass, inspired by J.D. Crowe and the New South
Wrote Roses in the Snow -- bluegrass, something different, producers said no but huge hit · Back-up vocals for Gram Parsons · 1975 - 1st solo album, hits with Cosmic American sound · Gets big in 1977 · “Two More Bottles of Wine” (1978) o was a number one song in 1978 very similar to Gram Parson’s hit “I Can’t Dance” |
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Kenny Rogers
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recorded "The Gambler" and made it a huge hit
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Bobby Bare and his importance to the outlaw movement
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· RCA records
· Felt frustrated because he felt like people were telling him what to do · “Lullibies, Legends, and Lies”- total control over his own album- first time in Nashville other artists started demanding control (Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings) |
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June Carter
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daughter of Maybelle and wife of Johnny Cash
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Telecommunications Act of 1996
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· Consolidation of radio
· Government didn’t want rich people or companies monopolizing radio waves, program idea and culture of one region previously, therefore lots of morning and pop stations · Allowed radio to be a free market · Free market, you can make money as McDonald’s of radio · Moms and pops get bought out by Clear Channel, Cox, and Cumulus, only three companies controlling radio · New model for success- aim to please masses · Great credibility artists get grouped into Americana · Emmylou Harris’ radio run ending- puts out a new album and it was too country for radio o Freedom’s just another word for nothing left to lose o Goes to new Orleans and makes “Wrecking Ball” album- no songs with any hope of being played on country radio- new template for Americana o “Orphan Girl”- written by Gillian Welch · new radio goal is appeal to the people who rate the music as 4-6- just enough to keep them on the station o problem is that people get bored and leave over time · “Oh Brother Where Art Thou” soundtrack- “I am a man of constant sorrow”- most popular country song, but not played on the radio · big impact on Dixie Chicks o from Texas o deal on Columbia Records o made 2 albums, people started loving their music o Joy Lynn White- made songs with same producers a few years earlier, but weren’t ever popular o Afterwards, they were interested in flourishing creatively- record company resisted this, they sued and ended up settling o Went back to Texas to make a more Bluegrass/Americana album § all-acoustic album called “Home” o it was going to be popular and people were excited because it would open doors o one song was about country radio being awful and it still got played o “Travelin’ Soldier”- a lot like things written in the 70s- becomes #1 hit on FM post-telecommunication act o go on overseas tour- go to England on the eve of Iraq war- says “ashamed that president is from texas”- became an issue on conservative talk radio- told listeners to boycott country stations until they took Dixie chicks off radio o “Travelin’ Soldier” went from #1 to nothing in two eeks o came back to US and supposed to be on tour- first stop was in Greenville, SC- still sold out the show o wouldn’t have been removed from radio without the telecommunications act won a grammy with their follow up album |
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Dwight Yoakam
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· “Great Credibility Scare” artist
· From Ohio, hills and hollers (I have that he’s from KY?) · Came to Nashville in late 1970s, doors slammed, headed to West Hollywood where he played in rock clubs · “retro country”, drinking music · voice sounded like KY in the 50s · Met producer, Pete Anderson, in Nashville · Played at rock clubs, punk · Honky tonk drinking music, 1950s country voice w/Elvis stage presence o Transformed by his hat · “Guitars, Cadillacs” (mid-80s) Pete Anderson’s guitar still famous today |
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Steve Earle
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· Gave “Great Credibility Scare” of 1980s its name
· “Guitar Town” · Signed by Tony Brown · Singer-songwriter · Influenced by Bob Dylan · Rivalry with Dwight Yoakam à “Dwight Yoakam eats sushi” · Texas pride- dipped his baby’s feet in Texas dirt |
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Dixie Chicks
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· Removed from radio after Natalie Maines made political statement
· “Travelin’ Soldier” went from #1 hit to removed from the radio because radio people thought people needed to passively listen to commercials à shooting for tepid mid-stream Next album won All Album of the Year and Country Grammys |
