Counseling Test 1- Greenberg Article

Front 1

According to Greenberg in 2002..?

Back 1

-"All have won and all shall have prizes".
-Humans are nonlinear dynamic systems in whom multiple processes interact continuously in response to a constantly changing environment.
-There are affective and cognitive sources of experience, conscious and unconscious, and multiple levels of processing, and/or multiple modules of mind. All involved in constructing and generating experience, behavior, and meaning.

Front 2

According to Greenberg when should interventions take place?

Back 2

Interventions can and should occur at different levels at different times or with different components of the system. Broad system of meaning is target of intervention rather than isolated thoughts, beliefs, behaviors, emotions, or motivations.

Front 3

How does Greenberg incorporate meaning?

Back 3

-Meaning incorporates affect, cognition, motivation, and behavior and requires an integrative approach to intervention that respects all these bases.

Front 4

How do different therapeutic approaches affect they system?

Back 4

Different therapeutic approaches affect the system at cognitive, emotional, behavioral, or interactional levels which in turn can affect other levels of the interconnected system producing change.

Front 5

How does Greenberg feel about emotions?

Back 5

-Emotions are a fundamentally adaptive resource. Informs people of the significance of events to their well-being, and organize people for rapid adaptive action. They are a primary signaling system that communicates intentions and regulates interaction.
-We have more negative than positive basic emotions - aids in survival. Unpleasant feelings draw people's attention to things important to well-being. Healthy adaptation requires being aware of, tolerating, and regulating negative emotions and enjoying positive emotions.

Front 6

What is initial emotion processing?

Back 6

Initial emotional processing of sensations occurs out of awareness, e.g., learned fear responses don't depend on a complex analysis of cue stimulus (appraisal).

Front 7

What is the second level emotional processing?

Back 7

Second level emotional processing involves complex perceptions and concepts (high road) occurring after a more immediate intuitive appraisal (low road) from initial input.

Front 8

What is something interesting about the thinking brain?

Back 8

The thinking brain (high road) often cannot intervene to stop emotional responses (from low road).

Front 9

What are the two kinds of learning?

Back 9

Thus, two kinds of learning: one more conceptual, logical, the other more perceptual, associative, and two types of memory: factual, emotional.

Front 10

What are the two levels of processing?

Back 10

Two levels of processing: description (conceptual knowing) and "knowledge by acquaintance (experiential knowing).

Front 11

Emotions are a process, what does that mean?

Back 11

-Much occurs out of awareness, and reports by person concerning what s/he feels, the conscious flow of evaluations, interpretations, and explanations come later.
-This narrative account is only peripherally related to the process of generating emotion.
-Thus, cognition leading to emotion is misleading.

Front 12

What does the psychodynamic view entail?

Back 12

-Psychodynamic: Object relations - humans as highly interpersonal beings with affective processes at the core of attachment and interpersonal needs. Affect is the connective glue in people's internal models of self-other relationships.
-Dynamic unconscious consists of affect states that have been defensively walled off because they fail to evoke attuned responsiveness.
-Treatment now often consists of helping clients approach and tolerate emotional experiences, so that emotions transform, not through simple discharge, but by meaningfully connecting emotions to self and situation.

Front 13

What does the cognitive behavioral theories view entail?

Back 13

-CBT: Increasing focus on automatic-unconscious cognitive-affective structures. Beck (‘96) suggests biologically based modes of functioning determine whether a belief will be activated, they appear to be affective or mood-based orientations appraising for threat or powerlessness.
-Dysfunctional modes can be treated by: deactivating them, constructing adaptive modes to neutralize them, or by changing their structure and content (most durable change).
-Change in core beliefs and conditional rules that shape interpretations
-Repeatedly repudiate experiences and incorporate more credible explanation
-Recent call for more focus on emotion in CBT; core affective structures are subject to different change principles than cognitions because not affected by logic
-Beck’s focus now cognition, affect, motivation, behavior, physiology

Front 14

What does the Humanistic-Experiential view entail?

Back 14

-Humanistic-Experiential: sees emotion as biologically adaptive, rapid action tendency and a meaning system that provides feedback on states of body and mind and is the basis of an adaptive growth system
-Awareness of emotion gives people information about what concerns them and provides a rapid evaluation of the significance of events
-Central to communication and attachment
-Personal meanings are constrained by sources of information to which a person attends
-Emotion arises automatically, so it's important to help clients attend to it
-There are primary adaptive feelings, primary maladaptive feelings (need to be evoked to be modified), and secondary forms of emotionality, which need to be explored to get at their more primary generators

Front 15

What are the convergent ideas about therapy now?

Back 15

-There's a shared view of emotion as a rapid action, adaptive control system that orients people to the relevance that events in their environment have to their well-being
-Emotion produces tendencies to act in specific ways in response to those events and that emotion plays an independent role in functioning and can affect cognition
-Emotion and cognition are automatically and intimately connected in higher order meaning making
-Most striking point: at automatic or unconscious levels, emotional and cognitive structures are highly integrated and that these affective-cognitive, or cognitive-affective, structures are the important targets of treatment to achieve enduring change
-Thus, some differences (e.g., gender) can be seen as environmentally affected constructions of meaning

Front 16

What are some points of agreement in research?

Back 16

-Emotion in therapy is an important signal that material being discussed is significant to a person's well-being
-Awareness of emotion and attention to it in therapy are important to access the information in emotion
-Desynchronies or incongruence between cognition and emotion and physiology occur and can be pathogenic
-Emotion often needs to be aroused and processed in therapy to promote its change
-In therapy it is important to promote emotion regulation as well as emotional experience
-Session emotional intensity, when viewed in context of working alliance, strong predictor of outcomes

Front 17

what are some more points of aggreement in therapy now?

Back 17

-Certain types of therapeutically facilitated emotional arousal and awareness, when expressed in supportive relational contexts, in conjunction with some sort of conscious processing of the aroused emotional experience, is important for therapeutic change for certain classes of people and problems
-The role of cognitive processing of emotion is either to help make sense of it or to help regulate it
-Changes in experiencing emotion from early to late in treatment accounts for additional variance over and above working alliance

Front 18

What are primary emotions?

Back 18

Primary emotions are one's most direct initial reactions to a situation

Front 19

What are the secondary emotions?

Back 19

-Secondary emotions are those responses secondary to primary internal processes and may be defenses against them
-They are responses to prior thoughts or feelings or to complex sequences of these (angry about being hurt, etc.)
-Only awareness of some primary emotions provides access to adaptive information that promotes orientation and problem solving

Front 20

What are maladaptive emotions?

Back 20

-Maladaptive emotions are old familiar feelings that occur repeatedly but do not change (e.g., core loneliness, sadness, abandonment, wretched worthlessness, explosive anger, inadequacy, etc.)
-Do not change with changing experience, do not provide adaptive directions for solving problems-just stuck-need to be replaced or transformed

Front 21

What is important about an emotional assessment?

Back 21

-Primary emotions need to be accessed for their adaptive information and capacity to organize action, whereas maladaptive emotions need to be regulated and transformed
-Secondary maladaptive emotions need to be reduced by exploring them to access their more primary cognitive or emotional generators
-Processing one’s bodily felt experience and deepening this in therapy may be core ingredient in change (for all approaches)

Front 22

What is emotional awareness and what does it entail?

Back 22

-Emotional awareness: allows for symbolizing in words providing access to information and action tendency in emotion, helps make sense of experience, promotes assimilation of experience
-Involves feeling the feeling in awareness and overcoming avoidance of painful feelings
-Habituation, reflection on experience, reflection on action, create new meaning, develop new narratives

Front 23

What is emotional arousal and what does it entail?

Back 23

-Emotional arousal and its regulation: getting some distance from overwhelming emotions or developing self-soothing capacities (regulating heart rate, breathing, self-acceptance, etc.)
-Promote client’s abilities to receive and be compassionate to their emerging painful experiences

Front 24

What comes after emotional arousal?

Back 24

-Accept emotion; self-empathy, plus cognitive, affective, and physiological soothing
-Empathic attunement and validation by another leads to internalization of functions of protective other
-Acknowledge emotion
-Create working distance
-Receive emotion’s message

Front 25

What is the third step after emotional arousal and acceptance of emotion?

Back 25

-Most fundamental change principle involves change of emotion with emotion: changing maladaptive emotion with another more adaptive one (soft versus hard; passive versus active)
-Once alternate emotion has been accessed, it either transforms, undoes, or replaces original state
-Recruit positive emotions to regulate negative emotions

Front 26

When transforming undo emotion what is something you can do?

Back 26

-Beyond exposure and habituation; another feeling used to transform or undo problem emotion
-Example: maladaptive aroused fear changed to adaptive anger or disgust, or by softer feelings of compassion or forgiveness
-Maladaptive anger to adaptive sadness
-Maladaptive shame to anger at violation, self-comforting, pride, and self-worth

Front 27

What are two types of distress?

Back 27

-Problems that stem from low road of emotion need to be dealt with differently than high road emotional problems
-Low road needs to be modified by affective means, high road can be by cognitive means

Front 28

What are the two types of affect regulation problems?

Back 28

-underregulation
-overregulation

Front 29

What is underregulation?

Back 29

under-regulation of intense negative affect (usually overwhelmed by low road processes, but can be high road worrying), and

Front 30

What is overregulation?

Back 30

overregulation where people avoid painful affect, lack emotional awareness, constrict emotional expression, externalize or intellectualize. Affect needs to be accessed and processed

Front 31

What is the first order change in the change process?

Back 31

First order change:
-symptom reduction and improved coping (support, problem solving)

Front 32

What is the second order change in the change process?

Back 32

Second order change:
changing affective orienting schemes, fundamental change in perspective (slower)