Cosc 4324 Comp Arch Chapter 1

Front 1

Personal Computer (PC)

Back 1

A computer designed for use by an individual, usually incorporating a graphics display, a keyboard, and a mouse.

Front 2

What are the 3 different applications computers are used in?

Back 2

PCs, Servers, Supercomputers

Front 3

Server

Back 3

A computer used for running larger programs for multiple users, often simultaneously, and typically accesses only via a network.

Front 4

Supercomputer

Back 4

A class of computers with the highest performance and cost; they are configured as servers and typically costs tens to hundreds of millions of dollars.

Front 5

Terabyte (TB)

Back 5

Originally 1,099,511,627,776 (2 ^40) bytes, although communications and secondary storage system developers started using the term to mean 1,000,000,000,000 (10^12) bytes

Front 6

Tebibyte (TiB

Back 6

The new term for 2^40 bytes

Front 7

What is the largest class of computers?

Back 7

Embedded computers

Front 8

Embedded Computers

Back 8

A computer inside another devices used for running one predetermined application or collection of software.

Front 9

Processor Cores

Back 9

A version of a processor written in a hardware description language

Front 10

Personal Mobile Device (PMD)

Back 10

Small wireless devices to connect to the internet; they rely on batteries for power, and software is installed by downloading apps.

Front 11

Cloud Computing

Back 11

Large collections of servers that provide services over the Internet; some providers rent dynamically varying numbers of servers as a utility.

Front 12

Warehouse Scale Computers (WSCs)

Back 12

Giant data centers that cloud computing relies on.

Front 13

What do Algorithms do?

Back 13

Determines both the number of source-level statements and the number of I/O operations executed.

Front 14

Programming Language,compiler, and architecture

Back 14

Determines the number of computer instructions for each source-level statement

Front 15

Processor and memory system

Back 15

Determines how fast instructions can be executed

Front 16

I/O system(hardware and operating system)

Back 16

Determines how fast I/O operations may be executed.

Front 17

A majority productivity technique for hardware and software is___________

Back 17

abstractions

Front 18

What are the 8 great ideas in Computer Architecture?

Back 18

1. Design for Moore's Law

2. Use Abstraction to Simplify Design

3. Make the Common Case Fast

4. Performance via Parallelism

5. Performance via Pipelining

6. Performance via Prediction

7. Hierarchy of Memories

8. Dependability via Redundancy

Front 19

What are two types of system software central to every computer system today?

Back 19

Operating system and compiler

Front 20

Operating System

Back 20

Supervising program that manages the resource of a computer for the benefit of the programs that run on that computer

Front 21

Compiler

Back 21

A program that translates high-level language statements into assembly language statements

Front 22

Binary digit or bit

Back 22

One of the two numbers in a base 2 (0 or 1) that are the components of information

Front 23

Instructions

Back 23

A command that computer hardware understands and obeys

Front 24

Assembler

Back 24

A program that translates a symbolic version of instructions into the binary version

Front 25

Assembly language

Back 25

A symbolic representation of machine instructions

Front 26

Machine language

Back 26

A binary representation of machine instructions

Front 27

High-level programming language

Back 27

A portable language such as C, C++, Java, or Visual Basic that is composed of words and algebraic notation that can be translated by a compiler into assembly language.

Front 28

What are the five classic components of a computer?

Back 28

Input

Output

Memory

Datapath

Control

Front 29

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Back 29

A display technology using a thin layer of liquid polymers that can be used to transmit or block light according to whether a charge is applied

Front 30

Active matrix display

Back 30

A liquid crystal display using a transistor to control the transmission of light at each individual pixel

Front 31

Integrated circuit or chip

Back 31

A device combining dozens to millions of transistors

Front 32

What two components is the processor comprised of?

Back 32

datapath and control

Front 33

Datapath

Back 33

The component of the processor that performs arithmetic operations

Front 34

Control

Back 34

The component of the processor that commands the data path, memory, and I/O devices according to the instructions of the program.

Front 35

Memory

Back 35

The storage area in which programs are kept when they are running and that contains the data needed by the running programs.

Front 36

Cache memory

Back 36

A small fast memory that acts as a buffer for a slower, larger memory.

Front 37

SRAM

Back 37

Static random access memory is faster, less dense, but more expensive the DRAM

Front 38

What is one of the most important abstractions?

Back 38

The interface between the hardware and the lowest level software.

Front 39

Instruction set architecture (architecture)

Back 39

An abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest-level software that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly, including instructions, registers, memory access, I/O and so on.

Front 40

Application binary interface(ABI)

Back 40

The user portion of the instruction set plus the operating system interfaces used by application programmers. It defines a standard for binary portability across computers.

Front 41

Implementation

Back 41

Hardware that obeys the architecture abstraction

Front 42

Main memory (Primary memory)

Back 42

Memory used to hold programs while they are running; typically consists of DRAM in today computers

Front 43

Secondary memory

Back 43

Nonvolatile memory used to store programs and data between runs; typically consists of flash memory in PMDs and magnetic disks in servers

Front 44

What are some advantages of networked devices?

Back 44

Speed of Communication

Resource Sharing

Nonlocal access (remote)

Front 45

Local Area Network (LAN)

Back 45

A network designed to carry data within a geographically confined area, typically within a single building

Front 46

Wide area network (WAN)

Back 46

A network extended over hundreds of kilometers that can span a continent

Front 47

Transistor

Back 47

An on/off switch controlled by an electric signal

Front 48

Very large-scale integrated circuit (VLSI)

Back 48

A device containing hundreds of thousands to millions of transistors

Front 49

Silicon

Back 49

A natural element that is a semiconductor

Front 50

Silicon crystal ingot

Back 50

A rod composed of a silicon crystal that is between 8 and 12 inches in diameter and about 12 to 24 inches long.

Front 51

Wafer

Back 51

A slice from a silicon ingot no more that 0.1 inches thick, used to create chips.

Front 52

Die

Back 52

The individual rectangular sections (chips) that are cut from a wafer to avoid defects

Front 53

Yield

Back 53

The percentage of good dies from the total number of dies on the wafer

Front 54

Response time(execution time)

Back 54

The total time required for the computers to complete a task, including disk accesses, memory accesses, I/O activities, operating system overhead, CPU execution, and so on.

Front 55

Throughput (bandwidth)

Back 55

The total amount of work completed in a given time.

Front 56

Performance=

Back 56

1/execution time

Front 57

When discussing computer design

n=

Back 57

Performance(comp X)/ Performance(comp Y)

Front 58

CPU execution time (CPU time)

Back 58

The actual time the CPU spends computing for a specific task

Front 59

user CPU time

Back 59

The CPU time spent in a program itself

Front 60

System CPU time

Back 60

The CPU time spent in the operating system performing tasks on behalf of the program.

Front 61

Clock period

Back 61

The length of each clock cycle

Front 62

Clock cycle(tick)

Back 62

The time for one clock period usually of the processor clock which runs at a constant rate.

Front 63

CPU time=

Back 63

CPU clock cycles/ Clock Rate

Front 64

CPU Clock cycles=

Back 64

Instructions for a program x Avg clock cycles per instruction

Front 65

Clock cycles per instruction (CPI)

Back 65

Average number of clock cycles per instruction for a program or program fragment

Front 66

Classic CPU Performance Equation

Back 66

CPU time= (Instruction count x CPI)/ Clock Rate

Front 67

Instruction mix

Back 67

A measure of dynamic frequency of instructions across one or many programs

Front 68

Algorithm effects whats performance?

Back 68

Instruction count and possibly CPI

Front 69

Programming language effects what performance>?

Back 69

Instruction count and CPI

Front 70

Compiler effects what performance?

Back 70

Instruction count and CPI

Front 71

The Instruction set architecture effects what performance?

Back 71

Instruction count, clock rate, and CPI

Front 72

Amdahl's Law

Back 72

Execution time after improvement= (execution time affected by improvment/ Amount of improvement) + Execution time unaffected

Front 73

Million Instructions per Second (MIPS)

Back 73

A measurement of program execution speed based on the number of millions of instructions.

Front 74

MIPS=

Back 74

Instruction count/ (execution time x 10^6)