Cortical Deficits, Learning And Memory

Front 1

Wada test: what happens?

Back 1

Inject quick acting anesthestic thru femoral artery into carotid. Inject internal carotid on ONE side to put one half of brain to sleep.

Often used to assess whether verbal memory is in a certain hemisphere.

Front 2

Wernicke's aphasia: classic difference between it and Broca's

Back 2

comprehension deficit in Wernicke's. Not in Broca's.

Front 3

Which hemisphere is speech usually in?

Back 3

95% - Left hemisphere.

Small portion of left-handed people have mixed or right-sided dominance

Front 4

test to determine which hemisphere is dominant

Back 4

Wada test/ intra-carotid amytal injection

Front 5

aphasia caused by damage in posterior dominant temporal lobe and around the end of angular gyrus spreading up into parietal lobe

Back 5

Wernicke's

Front 6

Comprehension is well-preserved but there is marked inability to generate words

Back 6

Broca's aphasia

Front 7

Speech can be fluid without content. Relatively unaware of deficit - feel that they're speaking well

Back 7

Wernicke's aphasia

Front 8

localized to a small portion of the frontal lobe (dominant inferior frontal gyrus)

Back 8

Broca's

Front 9

Broca's or Wernicke's patient more likely to experience frustration with the deficit?

Back 9

Broca's. Wernicke's can be unaware

Front 10

T/F In Wernicke's, automatic speech is preserved

Back 10

T

Front 11

Right homonymous hemianopsia/quadrantanopsia most likely to occur with damage in what region?

Back 11

Superior bank of Left visual cortex (above calcarine fissure)

Front 12

What's an AVM and how do they cause damage?

Back 12

defects of the circulatory system that are generally believed to arise during embryonic or fetal development or soon after birth. They are comprised of snarled tangles of arteries and veins.

AVMs damage the brain or spinal cord through three basic mechanisms: by reducing the amount of oxygen reaching neurological tissues; by causing bleeding (hemorrhage) into surrounding tissues; and by compressing or displacing parts of the brain or spinal cord.

Front 13

motor strip

Back 13

precentral gyrus.

Front 14

Motor and sensory homunculus - how is it oriented?

Back 14

the man representing the homunculus can be thought of as standing on the corpus callosum and stretching backwards over the lateral cortex.

Face and tongue are furthest around the hemisphere down by the sylvian fissure, with the arm in-between

Front 15

T/F Speech and memory have very reliable locations which can be id'd on scans

Back 15

F. Visual cortex and motor strip do, but not speech and memory.

Front 16

Hippocampal damage is associated with what neurological disorder?

Back 16

temporal lobe epilepsy

Front 17

In depression there is over activity of _______ and under activity of ________.

Back 17

limbic subcortical circuits; lateral frontal and parietal activity involved in cognition

Front 18

T/F In normal people there is a trade off between limbic subcortical and frontal and parietal activity usuch that a patient attempting a cognitive task UPREGULATES the frontal cortex and deactivates limbic cortex.

Back 18

T. This is one of the things messed up in depression. Deprsesed patients don't do this.

Front 19

Ventral medial subcortical areas _____ in depression; lateral dorsal cognitive functions are _________.

Back 19

upregulated, downregulated

Front 20

Patients with activation in area 24 (rostral ACC) are more likely to have what?

Back 20

Better response to treatment for depression.

Front 21

What does it mean that the dorsolateral PFC has higher blood flow during cognitive tasks in depressed patients vs controls?

Back 21

It means more effort (more activated cortex) is required by the depressed patients to achieve good result.

Front 22

What are the surgical treatments for depression?

Back 22

Vagal nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation, cortical stimulation

Front 23

Vagal nerve stimulation is effective in _____ % patients

Back 23

33%. not paid for by medicare

Front 24

What are the areas targeted in DBS for depression?

Back 24

Anterior limb of internal capsule (could be NA); Cingulate area 25 (hypermetabolic activity that resolves with tx); nucleus accumbens

Front 25

TMS and epidural cortical stimulation generally targets what areas?

Back 25

Dorsolateral PFC

Front 26

refers to encoding, storage, and retrieval of learned info

Back 26

memory

Front 27

two different kinds of memory storage

Back 27

declarative; non-declarative mrmory

Front 28

storage and retrieval of info available to consciousness and can be expressed by language

Back 28

declarative

Front 29

memories involving skills and associations that are acquired and retrieved subconsciously.

Back 29

non-declarative/procedural memory

Front 30

Capacity of _____ memory is very large and each sensory modality appears to have its own memory register

Back 30

immediate

Front 31

ability to hold info in mind for seconds to minutes once the present moment has passed

Back 31

working memory

Front 32

engram

Back 32

physical embodiment of the long-term memory in neuronal machinery

Front 33

continual transfer of info from working --> long-term memory

Back 33

consolidation

Front 34

people who are severely restricted in most mental activities but extraordinary in one particular domain

Back 34

savants

Front 35

integral for establishing new declarative memories

Back 35

hippocampus

Front 36

Cell loss in the CA1 region can produce what symptom?

Back 36

Anterograde amnesia (declarative)

Front 37

T/F Long term storage of memories is distributed throughout brain

Back 37

T

Front 38

T/F hippocampus and related diencephalic structures form and consolidate declarative memories that are ultimately stored elsewhere

Back 38

T

Front 39

Where is brain tissue lost in Korsakoff's syndrome?

Back 39

bilateral mammillary bodies and medial thalamus

Front 40

Spatial learning and memory depends on _________

Back 40

hippocampus

Front 41

Most important brain region for encoding and consolidating declarative memory

Back 41

medial temporal region (hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, etc)

Front 42

What's in the medial temporal lobe?

Back 42

hippocampus, uncus, amygdala,
prepyriform cortex, entorhinal cortex,
parahippocampal gyrus

Front 43

characteristics of AD (3)

Back 43

1) Collections of neurofibrillary tangles (intraneuronal cytoskeletal fragments)

2) Extracellular deposits of amyloid

3) Diffuse loss of neurons

Front 44

Where are AD changes most apparent?

Back 44

Neocortex, limbic structures, and selected brainstem nuclei

Front 45

Inheritance of which ApoE allele is a risk factor for late-onset AD?

Back 45

ApoE4

Front 46

Damage to medial thalamus and mammillary bodies resulting in anterograde amnesia characteristic of what disease? What is cause of this disease?

Back 46

Korsakoff's. Thiamine/B1 deficiency.

Front 47

source amnesia

Back 47

loss of memory for where/how info was obtained. can lead to confabulation. demosntrated in korsakoff's

Front 48

Where are long-term memories stored?

Back 48

probably distributed throughout association cortices

Front 49

T/F Widespread neocortical association areas have bi-directional connections to the hippocampus

Back 49

T

Front 50

What is the name of the neural pathway connecting the posterior part of the temporoparietal junction with the frontal cortex in the brain ?

Back 50

Arcuate fasciculus

Front 51

What is conduction aphasia?

Back 51

auditory comprehension and speech articulation are preserved, but people find it difficult to repeat heard speech.

Front 52

Damage to what pathway can result in conduction aphasia?

Back 52

arcuate fasciculus

Front 53

What is info flow pathway to and thru hippocampus?

Back 53

Association areas <-> Parahippocampal gyrus and Perirhinal cortex <->Entorhinal cortex --> Dentate Gyrus --> CA3 --> CA1 --> Subiculum --> Back to entorhinal cortex

Front 54

T/F the more active the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex is during learning, the better the memory performance

Back 54

T

Front 55

Where is the long-term storage of procedural memory?

Back 55

Basal ganglia, cerebellum, premotor cortex, other sites related to motor behavior

Front 56

What area mediates Emotional responses to classical conditioning?

Back 56

amygdala

Front 57

What area mediates skeletal musculature responses to classical conditioning?

Back 57

cerebellum

Front 58

What area mediates nonassociative learning?

Back 58

reflex pathways

Front 59

What area mediates skills and habits?

Back 59

striatum

Front 60

T/F PD patients have harder time learning procedural memory

Back 60

T

Front 61

Cannabinoid receptors are located to__________

Back 61

hippocampus