Corrections Unit- Final Exam

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Community Correction

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A model of corrections based on the goal of reintegrating the offender into the community

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Congregate System

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A penitentary system, developed in Auburn, New York, in which each inmate was held in isolation during the night but worked and ate with other prisoners during the day under a rule of silence

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Contract Labor System

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A system under which inmates' labor was sold on a contractual basis to private employers who provided the machinery and raw materials with which inmates made salable products in the institution

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Corrections

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The variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses

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Crime Control Model of Corrections

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A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision

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Enlightenment

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A movement, during the eighteenth century in England and France, in which concepts of liberalism, rationalism, equality, and indivisualism dominated social and political thinking

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Hands-off policy

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Judges should not interdere with the administration of correctional institutions

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Jail

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An institution authorized to hold pretial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours. Most jails are administered by county governments; in six jurisdictions, by state governments

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Lease System

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A system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor. In southern states the prisoners were used as agricultural, mining, logging, and construction laborers

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Mark System

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A system in which offenders receive a certain number of points at the time of sentencing, based on the severity of their crime. Prisonerscan reduce their term and gain release by earning marks to reduce these points through labor, good behavior, and educational achievement

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Medical Model

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A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or psychological conditions that require treatment

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Penitentiary

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An institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society and from one another so they can reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and reform

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Prison

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An institution for the incarcaration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies

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Reformatory

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An institution for young offenders, emphasizing training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole

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Rehabilitation Model

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A model of corrections that emphasizes the need to restore a convicted offender to a constructive place in society through some form of vocational or educational training or therapy

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Separate Confinement

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A penitentiary system, developed in Pennsylvania, in which each inmate was held in isolation from other inmates. All activities, including craft work, took place in the cells

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Boot Camp

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A short-term institutional sentence, usually followed by probation, that puts the offender through a physical regimen designed to develop discipline and respect for authority. Also referred to as shock incarceration

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Community Justice

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A model of justice that emphasizes reparation to the victim and the community, a problem-solving approach to crime, and citizen involvement in crime prevention

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Community Service

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A sentence requiring the offender to perform a certain amount of unpaid labor in the community

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Day Reporting Center

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A community correctional center where an offender reports each day to comply with elements of a sentence

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Fine

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A sum of money to be paid to the state by a convicted person as a punishment for an offense

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Home Confinement

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A sentence requiring the offender to remain indife his or her home during specified periods

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Intensive Supervision Probation

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Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload

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Net Widening

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Process in which new sentecing options increase instead of reduce control over offenders' lives

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Recidivism

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A return to criminal behavior

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Restitution

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Repayment- in the form of money or service- by an offender to a victim who has suffered some loss from the offense

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Technical Violation

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The probationer's failure to abide by the rules and conditions of probation (specified by the judge), resulting in revocation of probation

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Classification

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The process of assigning an inmate to a category specifying his or her needs for security, treatment, education, work assignment, and readiness for release

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Custodial Model

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A model of incarceration that emphasizes security, discipline, and order

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Inmate Code

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The values and norms of the prison social system that define the inmates' idea of the model prisoner

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Reintegration Model

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A model of a correctional institution that emphasizes maintaining the offender's ties to family and community as a method of reform, recognizing that the offender will be returning to society

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Civil Disabilities

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Legal restrictions that prevent released felons from voting, serving on juries, and holding public office

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Conditions of Release

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Conduct restrictions that parolees must follow as a legally binding requirement of being released

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Discretionary Release

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The release of an inmate from prison to conditional supervision at the decretion of the parole boardwithin the bounderies set by the sentence and the penal law

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Expiration Release

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The release of an inmate from incarceration, without any further correctional supervision; the inmate cannot be returned to prison for any remaining portion of the sentence for the current offense

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Furlough

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The temporary release of an inmate from a correctional institution for a brief period, usually one to three days, for a visit home. Such programs help maintain family ties and prepare inmates for release on parole.

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Halfway House

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A correctional facility housing convicted felons who spend a portion of their day at work in the community but reside in the halfway house during nonworking hours

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Mandatory Release

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The required release of an inmate from incarceration to community supervision upon the expiration of a certain period, as specified by a determinate-sentencing law or parole guidelines

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Other Conditional Release

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The placement of released convicts under supervision in various community settings; in some states, used to avoid the rigidity of mandatory release

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Pardon

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An action of the executive branch of state or federal government excluding an offense and absolving the offender from the consequences of the crime

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Parole

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The conditional release of an inmate from incarceration under supervision after a part of the prison sentence has been served

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Ticket of Leave

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A system of conditional release from prison, devised by Captain Alexander Maconochie and first developed in Ireland by Sir Walter Crofton

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Work and Educational Release

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The daytime release of inmates from correctional institutions so they can work or attend school