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60 Cards in this Set
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inflammation
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non-specific body defense occuring in response to injury or antigen
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histamine
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chemical released by mast cells in response to antigen
causes: - dilation of blood vessels - smooth muscle constriction - tissue swelling - itching |
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leukotrienes
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causes effects similar to histamine
stored & released by mast cells |
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bradykinin
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vasodilator that causes pain
effects similar to those of histamine |
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complement
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series of proteins combined together in cascade fashion to neutralize or destroy and antigen
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prostaglandins
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causes:
- increased capillary permiability - WBC attraction to inflammation site - pain stored & released by mast cells |
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mast cells
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located in tissue spaces under epithelial membranes
(skin, bronchial tree, digestive tract, & along blood vessels) detect foreign agents or injury & respond by releasing histamine |
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hyperemia
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increase in blood supply to tissue causing redness, pain, and swelling
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anaphylaxis
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acute allergic response to antigen resulting in severe hypotension
may cause death if untreated |
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H1-receptors
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cause:
- itching - pain - edema - vasodilation - bronchoconstriction located in smooth muscle of vascular system |
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H2-receptors
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causes secretion of large amounts of hydrochloric acid in stomach (where they're located)
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antigens
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foreign substances that elicit a specific immune response
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lymphocyte
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primary cell of immune system that interacts w/antigens
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humoral immunity
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body defense mechanism involving production & release of antibodies
initiated when antigen encounters a B cell (type of lymphocyte) |
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B cell
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essential lymphocyte for humoral immune response
makes plasma cell 'clones' of itself |
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plasma cells
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cell derived from B cells that produces antibodies
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antibodies
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AKA Ig
protein produced by body in response to antigen |
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immunoglobulins (Ig)
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AKA antibodies
proteins produced by the body in response to an antigen |
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memory B cells
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remember previous antigen interaction
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helper T cells
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lymphocyte responsible for activating most other immune cells (includes B cells)
coordinates humoral & cell-mediated immune responses target of human immunodeficiency virus |
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cytotoxic T Cells
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lymphocyte that directly attacks & destroys antigens
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cytokines
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produced by WBCs (interleukins - leukotrienes - interferon - tumornecrosis factor) that guide immune response
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memory T cells
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T-lymphocyte that remembers previous exposure to antigen
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allergic rhinitis
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AKA hay fever
sneezing, itchy throat, watery eyes, & nasal congestion resulting from exposure to antigens |
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H1-receptor antagonists
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AKA antihistamines
blocks effects of histamine in smooth muscle in bronchial tree |
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salicylism
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poisoning due to aspirin & aspirin-like drugs
S/S: tinnitus - dizziness - headache - sweating |
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tinnitus
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ringing in the ears
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alternate-day therapy
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drug taken every other day to minimize side effects
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Cushing's syndrome
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too much corticosteroids in blood
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transplant rejection
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immune system recognizes a transplanted tissue as foreign & attacks it
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immunosuppressants
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drugs given to dampen immune response
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vaccines
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biological products that prevent disease
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vaccination
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AKA immunization
receivinig a vaccine or toxoid to prevent disease |
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toxoid
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substance chemically modified to remove harmful nature but is still able to elicit immune response from body
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boosters
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additional dose of vaccine given months/years after initial dose to increase effectiveness of vaccine
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titer
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measurement of amount of antibody produced by body after vaccine has been administered
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diphenhydramine
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AKA: Benadryl
CLASS: H1-receptor antagonist ACTION: 1st gen. antihistamine - reduces inflammation - blocks H1 receptors w/i smooth muscle cells of resp tract & endothelial cells lining blood vessels in skin A/E: signifcant drowsiness - CNS stimulation - dry mouth - tachycardia - mild hypotension |
H1-receptor antagonist
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fexofenadine
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AKA: Allegra
CLASS: H1-receptor antagonist ACTION: 2nd gen. antihistamine - blocks effects of histamine at H1 receptor A/E: drowsiness - upset stomach |
H1-receptor antagonist
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fluticasone
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AKA: Flonase
CLASS: intranasal glucocorticoid ACTION: decreases local inflammation in nasal passage A/E: nasal irritation & bleeding |
intranasal glucocorticoid
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beclomethasone
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AKA: Beconase - Vancenase
CLASS: intranasal glucocorticoid ACTION: decreases local inflammation in nasal passage A/E: nasal irritation & bleeding |
intranasal glucocorticoid
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oxymetazoline
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AKA: Afrin - NeoSynephrine
CLASS: sympathomimetic ACTION: stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptor of sympathetic nervous system - causes small arterioles in nasal passages to constrict - produces drying of mucous membranes A/E: rebound congestion - minor stinging - nasal dryness |
sympathomimetic
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pseudoephedrine hydrochloride
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AKA: Sudafed
CLASS: sympathomimetic ACTION: stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptor of sympathetic nervous system - causes small arterioles in nasal passages to constrict - produces drying of mucous membranes A/E: rebound congestion |
sympathomimetic
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naproxen
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AKA: Naprosyn - Aleve
CLASS: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ACTION: inhibits prostaglandin synthesis through non-selective inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes A/E: GI upset - dizziness - drowsiness - prolonged bleeding time |
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
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prednisone
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AKA: Meticorten - Prelone
CLASS: glucocorticoid ACTION: suppresshistamine & prostaglandins - inhibit immunity by suppressing functions of phagocytes & lymphocytes - combined effects reduce inflammation A/E: Chusing's syndrome - elevated glucose - gastriculcers - weakness - bruising |
glucocorticoids
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cyclosporine
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AKA: Neoral - Sandimmune
CLASS: immunosuppressant ACTION: inhibits helper T cells A/E: reduction of urine flow - tremor - htn - ^ hepatic enzyme values |
immunosuppressant
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Long-term therapy with glucocorticoids may result in Chushing's syndrome.
TRUE or FALSE |
TRUE
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The two major types of T-cells are called 1_____ T-cells and 2_____ T-cells.
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1 cytotoxic (CD-8)
2 helper (CD-4) |
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Drug classes used to prevent allergic rhinitis include 1_____, 2_____, and 3_____.
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1 antihistamines
2 glucocorticoids 3 sympathomimetics |
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The use of hydrocortisone would be contraindicated in a client experiencing which of the following?
a. an active infection associated with inflammation b. pain associated with inflammation c. nasal congestion d. hypertension |
a. an active infection assoicated with inflammation
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Histamine is a very potent:
a. vasodilator b. vasoconstrictor c. sympathomimetic d. cardiotonic agent |
a. vasodilator
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H2-receptors are found in the:
a. bronchial tree b. stomach c. reproductive tract d. smooth muscle of the vascular system |
b. stomach
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Memory B-cells remember the initial antigen interaction and secrete high levels of antibodies in approximately:
a. 2-3 hours b. 2-3 days c. 2-3 weeks d. 2-3 months |
b 2-3 days
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Glucocorticoids have joined antihistamines as first-line drugs in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. For theis disorder, glucocorticoids are administered via which route?
a. oral b. topical c. IM d. intranasal |
d. intranasal
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Rebound congestion is most common with which class of medications?
a. antihistamines b. intranasal sympathomimetics c. intranasal glucocorticoids d. NSAIDS |
b. intranasal sympathomimetics
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Oxymetazoline stimulates _____ receptors in the autonomic nervous system.
a. alph-adrenergic b. beta1-adrenergic c. beta2-adrenergic d. cholinergic |
a. alpha-adrenergic
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Aspirin causes irreversible inhibition of:
a. prostaglandin synthase b. mast cells c. HMG CoA reductase d. cyclooxygenase |
d. cyclooxygenase
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Which class of drugs has the potential to suppress the normal functions of the adrenal gland, if given for prolonged periods?
a. NSAIDS b. H2-receptor antagonists c. immunosuppressants d. glucocorticoids |
d. glucocorticoids
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Which of the following drug classes is most effective at relieving severe inflammation?
a. NSAIDS b. systemic glucocorticoids c. H2-receptor antagonists d. COX-2 inhibitors |
b. systemic glucocorticoids
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The primary adverse effects from cyclosporine occur in the :
a. immune system b. lung c. GI tract d. kidney |
d. kidney
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Which of the following is NOT a type of vaccine suspension?
a. live microbes b. killed microbes c. microbes that are alive but attentuated d. bacterial toxins |
a. live microbes
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