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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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central nervous system (CNS)
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part of the nervous system made up of brain & spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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part of nervous system made up of all nervous tissue outside of CNS
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somatic nervous system
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consists of nerves providing voluntary control over skeletal muscle
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autonomic nervous system
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provides involuntary control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
also regulates: heart - digestive tract - respiratory tract - reproductive tract - arteries - salivary glands - portions of eye has two parts: 1) sympathetic nervous sys. and 2) parasympathetic nervous sys. |
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sympathetic nervous system
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activated under conditions of stress
produces fight-or-flight response part of autonomic nervous system |
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parasympathetic nervous system
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activated under non-stressful condidtions
produces rest-and-relaxation response part of autonomic nervous system |
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neuron
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basic functional cell of nervous system
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synapse
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structure at end of nerve receiving nervous impulse
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synaptic cleft
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gap to be bridged prior to nerve impulse reaching next nerve at synapse
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presynaptic nerve
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generates original nerve impulse
located prior to synaptic cleft |
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postsynaptic nerve
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on receiving side of synaptic cleft
awaits nerve impulse |
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neurotransmitters
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chemicals bridging the physical space of the synaptic left
nervous impulse reaches end of presynaptic nerve -> neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft -> travels across to reach receptors on postsynaptic nerve -> regenerates impulse many drugs are identical or have same general structure as neurotransmitters - they either block or enhance neurotransmitter activity |
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norepinephrine (NE)
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one of two primary neurotransmitters of autonomic nervous system
released at junction of postsynaptic nerve & recipient organ/gland |
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acetylcholine (Ach)
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one of two primary neurotransmitters of autonomic nervous system
physiology complicated due to release in varied locations |
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adrenergic
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another term sometimes used for sympathetic nerves
term comes from 'adrenaline' - chemical closely r/t NE |
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cholinergic
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refers to nerves releasing Ach
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nicotinic receptors
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Ach receptors in ganglia & skeletal muscles
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muscarinic receptors
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Ach receptors at end of postsynaptic nerves in parasympathetic nervous system
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alpha and beta receptors
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two NE subtypes
subdivided into beta1, beta2, alpha1, alpha2 drugs may selectively act on only one type of NE receptor or on others as well |
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sympathomimetics
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AKA adrenergic -agonists
produce fight-or-flight symptoms |
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parasympathomimetics
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AKA cholinergic-agonists
produce rest-and-relaxation symptoms |
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adrenergic-blockers
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produce opposite actions of sympathomimetics
inhibit sympathetic nervous system |
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anti-cholinergics
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AKA cholinergic-blockers
produce actions opposite to parasympathomimetics |
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parasympathomimetics
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drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system
induce the rest-and-relaxation response only handful of these drugs have therapeutic application due to potential for advers affects on HR & RR |
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myasthenia gravis
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destruction of nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscles
*pyridostigmine (Mestinon) or *nestigmine (Prosigmin) stimulate skeletal muscle contraction & help reverse symptoms |
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mydriasis
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pupil dilation
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sympathomimetics
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produce many of same symptoms of Ach
due to alpha & beta receptors, actions are often more specific & therefore therapeutic |
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adrenergic-blockers
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inhibit sympathetic nervous system
produce many of same rest-and-relaxtion symptoms as parasympathomimetics, but are more widely used |
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alpha-blockers
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AKA alpha-adrenergic-blockers
primarly used for effects on vascular smooth muscle main use is in treatment of htn |
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beta-blockers
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cardioselective ones block only beta1-receptors & slow HR & BP
non-selective ones block both beta1& beta2-receptors & treat htn, angina & cardiac rhythm abnormalities (usually w/+ side effects) |
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Which of the following is a (are) functions(s) of the nervous system?
a. recognize changes in the internal and external environments b. process and integrate the environmental changes that are perceived c. react to the environmental changes by producing an action or response d. all of the above are functions of the nervous system |
d. all of the above are functions of the nervous system
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An adrenergic-blocker is most directly related to:
a. stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system b. inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system c. stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system d. inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system |
d. inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system
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Bethanechol (Urecholine) exerts its effects by:
a. stimulating cholinergic-receptors b. blocking cholinergic-receptors c. blocking beta-receptors d. stimulating alpha-receptors |
a. stimulating cholinergic-receptors
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The primary use of a new drug developed as a selective beta1-antagonist would be to:
a. raise blood pressure b. lower blood pressure c. increase heart rate d. decrease heart rate |
b. lower blood pressure
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Drugs that block the action of norepinephrine at alpha and beta-receptors are called:
a. parasympathomimetics b. parasympatholytics c. sympathomimetics d. sympatholytics |
d. sympatholytics
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Nicotinic receptors are primarily found at the:
a. sweat glands b. organs stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system c. autonomic ganglia d. organs stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system |
c. autonomic ganglia
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A new drug is developed which is found to stimulate the release of norepinephrine selectively at alpha1-receptors. The effects of this drug would be most pronounced upon which organ or tissue?
a. arteriolar smooth muscle b. heart c. GI tract d. brain |
a. arteriolar smooth muscle
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Propanolol (Inderal) exerts its effects by:
a. stimulating cholinergic-receptors b. blocking cholinergic-receptors c. blocking beta-receptors d. stimulating alpha-receptors |
c. blocking beta-receptors
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Somatic nerves make up a branch of the nervous system described as:
a. motor voluntary b. motor involuntary c. sensory d. integratory |
a. motor voluntary
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The type of receptor found at the autonomic ganglia is:
a. nicotinic b. muscarinic c. alpha d. beta |
a. nicotinic
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